【正文】 ents that which is measured if the two relational systems are identical 。最優(yōu)性條件溫度的變化是指小于10 ^ 3鉀、空載,沒有振動或震動。這種合金是經(jīng)常用于高阻標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(10kQ)。Inductance 電感Accurate standards of inductance are difficult to realise . This is caused by the many parameters that determine the relatively plex of a coil ,all of which influence the accuracy of the inductor .Furthermore ,power losses occur ,due to wire resistance ,proximately effects and eddy currents ,which add to inaccuracy ,Currently a available standards of inductance have an inaccuracy of about 10^5 .精確的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電感難以想象。 Nonphysical quantities are usually a part of a living organism or an organization of living beings .It is essential to the nature of an organism or an organization that they maintain (social , cultural , political) interactions with their environment 物質(zhì)通常數(shù)量的一部分或生物的一個(gè)組織,它是必要的生物有機(jī)體的性質(zhì)或組織讓他們保持(社會、文化、政治)相互作用與環(huán)境。 psychological experiments ,for example ,can cause catatonic states in certain patients ,resulting in disorders or even chronic schizophrenia .The effects measurement above will generally make it different to reproduce measurements in the fields of human and social studies accurately ,assuming that these measurements can actually be made reasonably selectively and objectively . 某些心理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn),例如,會造成的緊張性精神分裂癥在某些病人,分別導(dǎo)致疾病甚至慢性精神分裂癥患者影響以上,測量不同,通常也使復(fù)制測量結(jié)果和人類社會的研究領(lǐng)域準(zhǔn)確、假設(shè)這些測量了可以有選擇地、合理的基礎(chǔ)性工作。它可以是孤立的價(jià)值或可以依賴于時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。數(shù)據(jù)可以進(jìn)入降低計(jì)算機(jī),或者,在某些情況下,檢測儀表可以進(jìn)行天文數(shù)據(jù)歸算在儀器。另一個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)保持水平的鈉離子液體濃度包圍在單個(gè)細(xì)胞。眼睛是傳感器檢測位置的針和線,或汽車和中心的路。污水和垃圾處理也需要使用自動控制系統(tǒng)的無意識A control system is any group of ponents that maintains a desired result or value. From the previous examples it is clear that a great variety of ponents may be 。Threading a needle and driving an automobile are two ways in which the human body functions as a plex controller. The eyes are sensor that detects the position of the needle and thread, or of the automobile and the center of the road. A plex controller, the brain, pares the two positions and determines which actions must be performed to acplish the desired result. The body implements the control action by moving the thread or turning the steering wheel。一個(gè)精心制作的控制系統(tǒng)集中在下丘腦的大腦維持體溫孕37攝氏度(℃)盡管改變身體的活動和外部的氣氛。 sometimes statistical processing is applied to indicate the nature of experimental precision..數(shù)據(jù)收集后,它可能需可以被處理和利用數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算通過把一些富有意義的方式。信息或強(qiáng)度大小物理現(xiàn)象。As opposed to a physical measurement ,the object of a nonphysical measurement is often conscious of being measured .The mere fact that we measure influences the subject .The subject will behave differently in a laboratory than in daily life . An example for an often used (and abused ) test animal :the rat .A measurement can even cause irrevocable processes in the object .我們反對一種物理測量、非物質(zhì)的對象測量被測經(jīng)常意識到,單單是我們測量的影響,這個(gè)問題行為不同學(xué)科將在一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室比的日常生活中。other factors are also being ,、,這些依賴這些寄生蟲數(shù)量,影響了測量結(jié)果,在測量過程不是固定不變,讓人很難矯正錯(cuò)誤的測量。 A disadvantage ,however ,is the fact that the capacitance is small (approximately per metre ). For lowerorder standards other configurations of electrodes are used ,which provide larger capacitance values (10~1000pF),but also e larger uncertainties .然而,一個(gè)不利條件的人來說,(大約每米)。鑒別商dM /遠(yuǎn)程接收由已知的幾何學(xué)的線圈。通常傳感器接收信息清單QUM測量(下),把它轉(zhuǎn)化成電氣參數(shù)的變化或電氣潛力,通常會條件,然后轉(zhuǎn)化為電氣數(shù)量,特別是當(dāng)前的眾長老、就差人到A / D耐.Electrical potential difference 電氣電位差The primary standard for electrical potential difference used to be provided by an electrochemical standard cell (the Weston standard cell ).The voltage of a Weston cell is approximately V at 20`C,with an inaccuracy of 3X10^6 under optimal conditions. Optimal conditions means a variation of temperature less than 10^3 K, no load, no vibrations or jolting . The cell must remain in an upright position. A Weston standard cell has a very long thermal aftereffect. After the cell has been heated to 30`C it can take 6 months before it is totally stable within V of the original value at 20degrees .Furthermore ,a Weston cell will age , resulting in an increase in the internal resistance (R1~5001000歐)，and a small decrease of a few uV in the output voltage (during the first years ).電氣的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的用于電位差由電化學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電池的(韋斯頓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電池電壓成),39。同樣地,抽象的關(guān)系系統(tǒng)確定圖像的結(jié)構(gòu)(例如,關(guān)系,適用于整數(shù)的數(shù)字)。測量系統(tǒng)因此決定表示。For example, the magnitude of the electrical current to be measured in the above example is (by measurement ) assigned a certain number (element ) out of the set of real numbers (image set ).例如,電流的大小來衡量在上面的例子中(通過測量)分配一定數(shù)量(元素)從套真實(shí)數(shù)字(圖像)。In the following ,we will define measurement as the acquisition of information in the form of measurement results ,concerning characteristics ,states or phenomena (the measurand )of the world that surrounds us, observed with the aid of measurement systems (instruments ).The measurement system in this context must guarantee the required descriptiveness ,the selectivity and the objectivity of the measurement .在下面,我們將定義測量信息獲取的測量結(jié)果不確定度的形式,對特征、國家或現(xiàn)象(世界上