【正文】 . fixture vt. fix, fixture 固定設(shè)備，固定物，夾具 6. partition vt. n 分割，劃分， make apart。其它要考慮的因素 包括適用性（就外觀和撓曲而言其工作性能如何）。Examples of live load include furniture, equipment, and occupants of buildings. 活荷載包括家具、設(shè)置和建筑物的居住者。 Design specifications In contrast to building codes, design specifications give more specific guidance for the design of 8 structural members and their connections. 與建筑規(guī)范不同，設(shè)計規(guī)程給出結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件及其連接的更具體的指南。 permeate, permeable seep seepage Phrases and expressions 1. frost susceptibility 霜凍敏感性 2. sieving method 篩分法 3. semilogarithmic curve 半對數(shù)曲線 4. grading curve 級配曲線 5. wet sieving 濕法篩分 6. dispersing agent 分散劑 7. Stoke?s law 斯托克定律 8. unit weight 重度 9. coefficient of grading 級配系數(shù) 10. sedimentation method 沉降法 11. particlesize distribution 粒徑分布 Text Particle Size Analysis 粒徑分析 The range of particle sizes encountered in soils is very wide: from around 200mm down to the colloidal size of some clays of less than 11 . 在各種土中所遇到的粒徑范圍很大，大到 200mm 小到小于 的一些粘土膠粒。 This sample is then passed through a nest of standard test sieves arranged in descending order of mesh size. 再使烘干的土樣通過一組篩孔尺寸由大至小放置的標(biāo)準試驗篩。最粗的部分（即粒徑 20mm 的部分）也可被過篩，并用其結(jié)果完成級配曲線的繪制。 The procedure using a hydrometer consists of measuring the suspension density at a depth of 100mm at a series of elapsedtime intervals. 用液體比重計的方法包括以一系列時間 間隔在深度 100mm 處測定懸浮液的比重。 First of all, three points are located on the grading curve to give the following characteristic sizes: 首先，定出級配曲線上的三個點以給出以下特征粒徑： D10=maximum size of the smallest 10 percent of the sample。 humid relative humidity 16. aug`ment [?: ??ment] v. 增加 , 增大 n. 增加 。 Shrinkage The change in the volume of drying 23 concrete is not equal to the volume of water removed. The evaporation of free water causes little or no shrinkage. 混凝土干燥時的體積變化量不等于它所失去的水的體積。高溫加速了水分的蒸發(fā)，因此也加快了收縮。 For normalweight concrete, a value of 300106 may be used. 對常重混凝土，收縮應(yīng)變終值可取為 300106 The British Code CP100 gives a value of 500106, which represents an unrestrained shrinkage of mm in 3 m length in thin, plain concrete sections. 英國 CP100 規(guī)范不出的收縮應(yīng)。 , amount, and gradation of aggregate. The smaller the size of aggregate particles, the greater is the shrinkage. The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage. 骨料的類型、含量及其級配：骨料的粒徑越小，收縮越大；骨料含量越大，收縮則越小。 If it loses moisture by evaporation, it shrinks, but if the concrete hardens in water, it expands. 如果蒸發(fā)失去水分，混凝土?xí)湛s；但如果在水中硬結(jié)，它便膨脹。 decrease 13. creep [kri:p] n. 徐變 。 For example, the steep curve may be taken to 18 represent a poorlygraded medium sand, indicating a narrow range of sizes. 例如，陡峭的曲線可用來表示級配差的中砂，并表示其粒徑范圍比較小。 因此在，在深度 100mm 處， t 時間后所取的懸浮液中將不會有粒徑大于式 所給出的土粒 。 After weighing the fractions retained on each sieve and calculating the cumulative percentage passing each sieve, the grading curve is drawn. 稱量落在每個篩中土重，并計算出通過每個的累計百分數(shù)后，就可描出級配曲線。 In the case of a coarse soil, from which finegrained particles have been removed or were absent, the usual process is a sieve analysis. 對于粗粒土，它里面的細粒土被除去或本身就無細顆粒，常用的方法就是篩分法。 9 Lesson 3 New words 1. col`loidal 膠狀的，膠體的， `colloid 膠體 2. sieve n,v. 篩，過篩，過濾 3. sample . 樣品，取樣 specimen 4. mesh 網(wǎng)孔，網(wǎng)格，分網(wǎng)格 5. `cumulative a. 積累的； cumulate, cumulation 6. grading n. 級配，等級； grade 7. sedimentation n. 沉淀 。 Of particular importance to the structural engineer is the prescription of minimum live loads for buildings. 對結(jié)構(gòu)工程師特別重要的是建筑物的最小活荷載規(guī)定。 Live loads, which can also be gravity loads, are those that are not as permanent as dead loads. 活載也可以是重力荷載，它們是那些不如恒載那樣永久的荷載。 the engineer must make sure that it doesn?t fall down. 建筑師確定建筑物的外觀，工程師必須確保其不會倒塌。 5 Lesson 2 Introduction to structural design New words 1. framework frame+work=frame 構(gòu)架，框架 。 3. The column is pinned at both ends. 柱在兩端鉸結(jié)。 If the critical load is divided by the crosssectional area, the critical buckling stress is obtained: 如果將屈曲荷載除以截面面積，便可得到以下屈曲應(yīng)力： 22)/( rL EAPF crcr ??? () This is the pressive stress at which buckling occur about the axis corresponding to r. 這便是繞相應(yīng)于 r 的軸發(fā)生屈曲時的壓應(yīng)力。 For these stocky members and for more slender columns before they buckle, the pressive stress P/A is uniform over the cross section at any point along the length. 對這些短柱以及更細長的柱，在其屈曲前，在其長度方向上任意點處橫截面上的壓應(yīng)力 P/A都是均勻的。 This cannot always be done if there is a puted bending moment, and situation of this type will be considered in BeamColumns. 但這并非總是可行的，如有計算出的彎矩存在時，這種情形將在梁柱 理論 中加以考慮。Lesson 1 Compression Members New Words 1. achieve achievement 2. eccentricity center, 中心 。 This will result in bending, but it can usually be regarded as secondary and can be neglected if the theoretical loading condition is closely approximated. 這將導(dǎo)致彎曲，但通常認為它是次要的，如果理論工況是足夠近似的，就可將其忽略。 For extremely stocky members, failure may be by pressive yielding rather than buckling. 對特別粗短的構(gòu)件，破壞可能是由受壓屈服引起而非由屈曲引起。 It will be convenient to rewrite as follows: 方程 可方便地寫為 2222222)/( rL EALE A rL EIP cr ??? ??? () where A is the crosssectional area and r is the radius of gyration with respect to the axis of buckling. The ratio L/r is the slenderness ratio and is the measure of a pression member?s slenderness, with large values corresponding to slender members. 式中 A 為截面面積， r 為關(guān)于屈曲軸的回轉(zhuǎn)半徑， L/r 為長細比，它是對受壓構(gòu)件細長程度的一種度量，該值越大，構(gòu)件越細長。 2. The load is axial, with no eccentricity. 荷載是軸向加載，無偏心。 In order to account for other end conditions, the equations for critical buckling load will be written as 為了考慮其它邊界條件，將臨界荷載寫為如下形式 22)/( rKLEAPcr ?? or 22)/( rKL AEP tcr ?? () where KL is the effective length, and K is called the effective length factor. Values of K for different cases can be determined with the aid of the Commentary to the AISC Speci