【正文】
日狀態(tài)時.以紅光延長光照 8h,成花不顯著;如在紅光中加入幾小時遠紅光,明顯促進成花。這個反應可以反復逆轉(zhuǎn)多次,而開花與否決定于最后照射的是紅光還是遠紅光。又如長日植物天仙子,在12h日長和 12h暗期環(huán)境下不開花,但以 6h日長和6h暗期處理則開花。蒼耳將因 14h短于它的臨界日照長度 ( h)而開花,天仙子也將因 14 h長于它的臨界日照長度 (11 h)而開花。如黃瓜、月季、茄子、番茄、辣椒、菜豆、君子蘭、向日葵、蒲公英等。植物對白天和黑夜的相對長度的反應,稱為光周期現(xiàn)象 (photoperiodism)。反過來,如把芹菜放在冰冷的室內(nèi),而使莖生長點處于高溫下,也不能開花結(jié)實。根據(jù)原產(chǎn)地的不同,小麥可分為冬性、半冬性和春性類型。 (vernalization) ? : Cold may affect the flowering response. For example, if winter rye (Secale cereale) is planted in the autumn, it germinates during the winter and flowers the following summer, 7 weeks after growth resumes. If it is planted in the spring, it does not flower for 14 weeks. In 1915, the plant physiologist Gustav Gassner discovered that he could influence the flowering of winter rye and other cereal plants by controlling the temperature of the germinating seeds. He found that if the seeds of the winter strain are kept at nearfreezing (1 ℃ ) temperatures during germination, the winter rye, even when planted in late spring, will flower the same summer it is planted. This procedure, which came to be known as vernalization (from the Latin vernus, meaning spring), is now a mon practice in agriculture. ? 低溫誘導促使植物開花的作用,稱為春化作用。無論一年生還是多年生植物,都必須達到生理成熟狀態(tài)才能感受所要求的環(huán)境條件而開花。對這類植物來說,秋末冬初的低溫就成為花誘導所必需的條件。 ? 較高溫度 或短日處理可使春化作用減弱或消失,這種現(xiàn)象只在低溫處理初期才有,稱為去春化作用 (devernalization)或解除春化。 ? GA含量增加:一些需春化的植物(如天仙子、白菜、胡蘿卜等)未經(jīng)低溫處理,若施用 GA也能開花。如大麥、小麥、黑麥、油菜、菠蘿、蘿卜、白菜、甘藍、芹菜、甜菜、胡蘿卜、 金光菊 、山茶、杜鵑、桂花、天仙子等。 ? 兩極光周期植物 (amphophotoperiodism):與中日照植物相反,在中等日照條件下保持營養(yǎng)狀態(tài),而在較長或較短日照下才能開花。對長日植物來說,日長大于臨界日長,即使是 24h日長都能開花;而對短日植物來說,日長必須小于臨界日長才能開花,然而日長太短也不能開花,可能因光照不足,植物幾乎成為黃化植物之故。 The soybean was cultivated under cycles of 10 h light and 8 62 h of darkness. Ordinate: Number of Flowers. The maxima are at 10 h light and 14 h darkness and at 10 h light and 30 h darkness (Periods of light are symbolized by light blue, periods of darkness by redv