【正文】 n Catholic faith, but Shakespeare signed a statement about the Roman Catholic faith which is found in an old house of the Henry Street in 1757. Shakespeare as a secret Catholic sympathizer, he applies his religious belief into his works Hamlet. During Elizabethan era, Purgatory is one of the Catholic doctrines. According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Purgatory is the condition of purification or temporary punishment by which those who die in a state of grace are believed to be made ready for Heaven. In Shakespeare‘s time, Purgatory was mon among people. By 1563, almost forty years before Shakespeare‘s Hamlet was written, the Church of England had explicitly rejected the Roman Catholic conception of Purgatory and the practices that have been developed around it. The Protestant Revolution had destroyed a ―powerful method of negotiating with the dead‖ for most people in England. So the Purgatory appeared in Hamlet is reasonable. In the play, when Claudius was praying alone in the confessional, Hamlet gave up killing his uncle because he believe in the purgatory that confession can wash iniquity especially before the death that let his uncle go to heaven. Hamlet as a young man from Wittenberg, with a distinctly Protestant temperament, we can easily understand Hamlet‘s elusory actions from the religious aspect. The Purgatory in Hamlet is quite obvious and is easy to accept. 淮陰師范學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 6 Shakespeare‘s interest in mental problems The dynamic role Shakespeare played in creating Hamlet is also embodied by his interest in mental problems. In Elizabeth‘s time, the bipolar has prevailed among people as a mon place. At the end of 15th century, the economics in Britain developed at a fast speed. People had no problems in their material life and just because of this。s birth. During her 45year reign, London became a cultural and mercial center where learning and literature thrived. When Queen Elizabeth ascended to the throne, there were violent clashes throughout Europe between Protestant and Catholic leaders and their followers. Though Elizabeth honored many of the Protestant edicts of her late father, King Henry VIII, she made significant concessions to Catholic sympathizers, which kept them from attempting rebellion. But when promise was not possible, she was an exacting and determined leader who did not shy away from conflict. Religion was central to the society for which Shakespeare wrote. Queen Elizabeth also recognized the importance of the arts to the life and legacy of her nation. She was fond of the theater, and many of England39。 similarly, history is regarded as a text of interrelated contexts. ―Different New Historicists may have different inclinations to historicity and sexuality‖ (Zhu G 260). This is just the famous New Historicist dictum of ―historicity of text and textuality of history‖, which based on the New Historicist Louis Montrose‘s theory. In Louis Montrose‘s most famous dictum, the new orientation to history in literary studies may be characterized as a dynamic dialogue between literature and history and it has a reciprocal concern with ―the historicity of texts and the textuality of history‖. History can influence text and in the meanwhile, it can also be influenced by text and is constituted by various texts. ―The relationship between history and text remains in the centre of the New Historicist arguments‖ (Zhu G 206). Another important theory New Historicism has established is about the ―writer‖. Stephen Greenblatt argues that the writer as a subject is always doing ―selffashioning‖ within the historical context. We can understand the key point of this ―Writer Theory‖ from the meaning of the word ―subject‖. ―Subject‖ can refer to a person or a thing which can perform action according to its own will. It can also be used as an adjective, having the meaning of ―to be submissive and governed by others‖. So to be a ―subject‖, one has to be both ―dynamic‖ and ―submissive‖. Since the ―writer‖ has bee a both dynamic and 淮陰師范學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 4 submissive ―subject‖, then what role does the writer play in creating a specific work of art? ―Negotiator‖ who has to negotiate with the historical context to create a ―currency‖ (text) that is valid for a profitable ―exchange‖. Thus ―the work of art is the product of a negotiation between a creator or a class of creators, equipped with a plex, munally shared repertoire of conventions and the institutions and practices of society‖ (qtd. in Veeser 1989 12). 3. Hamlet— the Product of Shakespeare’s Negotiation with the Historical Context From the New Historicists‘ point of view which has been discussed in the previous chapter, work of art can be seen as a product of negotiation between its creator and the historical context. Applying this theory to the study of Hamlet, we can argue that when Shakespeare was creating the play Hamlet, he was in fact, negotiating with the historical context. On one hand, he was a dynamic initiator of action who had his own sharply defined identity and interests。時(shí)至今日， 莎翁 評(píng)論家依然對(duì)該劇 眾說(shuō)紛紜， 真 所謂“ 有一千個(gè)讀者就有一千個(gè)哈姆雷特 ”。 New Historicism； historicity； textuality 淮陰師范學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 iii 摘要 《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亞藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作 的 巔峰之作 。s principal interest is how power diffuses itself in systems of authority and how it affects of truth produced within discourses which in themselves are neither true nor false. In New Historicists‘ opinion, literary texts are placed in the specific historical context and related to other nonliterary texts which constructed within other specific historical context。 and even the like precurse of fierce events, as harbingers preceding still the fates and prologue to the omen ing on, have heaven and earth together demonstrated unto our climatures and countryman‖. According to this, it suggests there will be a disaster in the D