【正文】 g. Such bridges and other structures were important in leading to the development and enforcement of standards and codification of permissible design stresses. The lack of adequate theoretical knowledge, and even of an adequate basis for theoretical studies, limited the value of stress analysis during the early years of the 20th century, as occasionally failures, such as that of a cantilever bridge in Quebec in 1907, failures were rare in the metalskeleton office buildings。 an industrialrailway setup moved steel and other material on each floor. Initial connections were made by bolting , closely followed by riveting, followed by masonry and finishing. The entire job was pleted in one year and 45 days. The worldwide depression of the 1930s and World War II provided another interruption to steel construction development, but at the same time the introduction of welding to replace riveting provided an important advance. Joining of steel parts by metal are welding had been successfully achieved by the end of the 19th century and was used in emergency ship repairs during World War I, but its application to construction was limited until after World War II. Another advance in the same area had been the introduction of highstrength bolts to replace rivets in field connections. Since the close of World War II, research in Europe, the ., and Japan has greatly extended knowledge of the behavior of different types of structural steel under varying stresses, including those exceeding the yield point, making possible more refined and systematic analysis. This in turn has led to the adoption of more liberal design codes in most countries, more imaginative design made possible by socalled plastic design ?The introduction of the puter by shortcutting tedious paperwork, made further advances and savings possible. （ TwoDay CANMET/CI International Symposium on Concrete Technology for Sustainable Development, April 1920,2020） 畢業(yè)設計實習調(diào)研報告 結合畢業(yè)設計情況，根據(jù)實習調(diào)研的情況及所查閱的文獻資料，撰寫 3000 字以上的報告： （小 4 號宋體， 倍行距） ????。 and in 1849 the first I beams, feet () long , were fabricated as roof girders for a Paris railroad station. Two years later Joseph Paxton of England built the Crystal Palace for the London Exposition of 1851. He is said to have conceived the idea of cage constructionusing relatively slender iron beams as a skeleton for the glass walls of a large, open structure. Resistance to wind forces in the Crystal palace was provided by diagonal iron rods. Two feature are particularly important in the history of metal construction。 二戰(zhàn)結束后，歐洲，美國，日本等國都擴大了對在不定應力（包括超過屈服點的情況）作用下各種結構鋼的性質(zhì)的研究，并進行了更為精確、系統(tǒng)的分析。由九架起重機將這些梁提升到指定的位置。芝加哥的 John Hancock 中心就是一個很顯著的例子。 1902年在紐約建造的高 286英寸（ 米）的 Flatiron 大廈不斷地被后來的建筑所超越。有時為了抵抗風荷載還是在豎向構件和橫向構件的連接點出貼覆上節(jié)點板來加固結構。18841885 年，芝加哥的工程師 Le Baron Jennny 設計了家庭保險公司大廈。 1907 年 Quebec 懸索大橋的偶然破壞揭露了二十世紀初期由于缺乏足夠的理論知識，甚至是缺乏足夠的理論研究的基礎知識，而導致在應力分析方面出現(xiàn)了很多的不足。在金屬結構的發(fā)展歷史中，有兩個標志性事件：首先是從木橋發(fā)展而來的格構梁由木制轉(zhuǎn)化為鐵制；其次是鍛鐵制的受拉構件與鑄鐵制的受壓構件受熱后通過鉚釘連接工藝的發(fā)展。長久以來一直用木材制作的 三角桁架也換成鐵制的了。大部分的鋼結構都包括建筑設計，工程技術、工藝。 筒中筒結構：另一種針對于辦公大樓的鋼筋混凝土體系把傳統(tǒng)的剪力墻結構與外框架筒相結合。所有的典型柱和窗下墻托梁都是軋制型材，最大程度上減小了組合構件的使用和耗費。 芝加哥的 110 層的 Sears Roebuck 總部大樓有 9 個筒體，從基礎開始分成三個部分。這個時候此高層建筑的整個結構抵抗風荷載的所有強度和剛度將達到最大的效率。除此之外，過大的搖動也會使建筑的使用者們因感覺到這樣的的晃動而產(chǎn)生不舒服的感覺。 畢業(yè)設計 外文資料翻譯 原文題目 ： Talling building and Steel construction 譯文題目： 高層建筑 與鋼結構 院系名稱： 土木建筑學院 專業(yè)班級： 土木工程 0806 班 學生姓名： 劉紅 林 學 號： 202048040614 指導教師： 弓 平 教師職稱： 副教授 附 件： 文資料翻譯譯文； 。過分的傾斜會導致建筑的隔離構件、頂棚以及其他建筑細部產(chǎn)生循環(huán)破壞。 框架筒結構： 如果所有的構件都用某種方式互相聯(lián)系在一起，整個建筑就像是從地面發(fā)射出的一個空心筒體或是一個剛性盒子一樣。筒體結構和斜撐桁架筒體被設計成捆束狀以形成更大的筒體來保持建筑物的高效能。這樣以來使得結構既輕巧又經(jīng)濟。而內(nèi)柱則需要支撐 8 英寸厚的無梁板。 鋼結構是指在建筑物結構中鋼材起著主導作用的結構，是一個很寬泛的概念。鐵結構對材料的需求量較小是優(yōu)勝于磚石結構的主要方面。此建筑的風荷載抵抗力是由 對角拉桿所提供的。這些大橋以及其他結構在引導鋼結構的發(fā)展，規(guī)范的實施，許用應力的設計方面起到了很重要的作用。 首批摩天大廈：在剛結構發(fā)展的同時，美國的另一個是也蓬勃的發(fā)展起來了。這種結構利用鉚釘把梁與柱連接在一起。安全載客電梯誕生，以及安全經(jīng)濟的鋼結構設計方法的 發(fā)展促使建筑高度迅猛增加。隨著現(xiàn)代內(nèi)部采光體系的不斷發(fā)展，抵抗風荷載的對角支撐又重新被利用起來了。是由用精密儀器控制的駁船和卡車負責運輸?shù)摹Ｍ瑫r在連接領域中又一進步就是高強螺栓代替了鉚釘。by 1819 angle irons were rolled。 nine derricks powered by electric hoists lifted the girders to position。 the simplicity of their design proved highly practical even in the absence of sophisticated analysis techniques. Throughout the first third of the century, ordinary carbon steel, without any special alloy strengthening or hardening, was universally used. The poss