【正文】 ；德國(guó)提出“設(shè)計(jì)就是科學(xué)”，使其 設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)的發(fā)展已達(dá)到相當(dāng)規(guī)模；美國(guó)成立了“設(shè)計(jì)委員會(huì)”；日本同樣也非常重視設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，將設(shè)計(jì)看作是技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、美學(xué)和人機(jī)工程學(xué)的一體化整體，并極力推廣和采用新技術(shù)。沒(méi)有形成合理的設(shè)計(jì)人員梯隊(duì)，產(chǎn)品仍然是幾十年不變樣，目前仍以照抄照搬為生存方式，沒(méi)有自己的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，只是在應(yīng)付低價(jià)拿來(lái)的合同。國(guó)內(nèi)的許多學(xué)者也對(duì)這一課題進(jìn)行了數(shù)年的研究，提出了 DFC 和 DTC 的研究模式，完成了全方位分析比較的單臺(tái)和系列起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)水平和設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)成本的綜 合評(píng)價(jià)體系。 智能設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù) 各主要工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家正從傳統(tǒng)的 CAD 技術(shù)不斷向智能 CAD（ ICAD）和人機(jī)智能化設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)方向發(fā)展，電氣控制系統(tǒng)自分析、自調(diào)整、自糾錯(cuò)的智能化水平不斷提高，使得起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)和使用全過(guò)程的自動(dòng)化和智能化得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。 快速設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù) 極短交貨期的市場(chǎng)需求要求開(kāi)展基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的協(xié)同（異地）設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)、并行工程技術(shù)研究，這樣可以縮短產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)周期。僅將優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的范圍局限于優(yōu)化方法及其應(yīng)用程序的編制上已不能適應(yīng)當(dāng)代起重機(jī)技術(shù)發(fā)展的需要，只有全局優(yōu)化才是現(xiàn)代起重機(jī)的優(yōu)化，廣義的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)是優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的重要發(fā)展方向，其內(nèi)容主要包括工程優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題的自動(dòng)建模技術(shù)、優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題的前處理與后處理、優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì) 結(jié)果的評(píng)價(jià)等。 廣義優(yōu)化技術(shù)和全過(guò)程的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì) 起重機(jī)廣義優(yōu)化技術(shù)的研究將使得 人們能夠從模型的建立、處理、一直到優(yōu)化結(jié)果顯示等全過(guò)程進(jìn)行優(yōu)化。做到產(chǎn)品成本的即時(shí)反應(yīng)，通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)方案的調(diào)整實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)階段控制產(chǎn)品成本的真實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)。數(shù)字化樣機(jī)的仿真設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)大型復(fù)雜起重機(jī)產(chǎn)品的方案評(píng)審、機(jī)構(gòu)大連 科技 學(xué)院 2020 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯 11 動(dòng)作原理審查、結(jié)構(gòu)干涉檢查等具有十分重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。德國(guó)學(xué)者提出了成本結(jié) 構(gòu)和分類(lèi)，用相對(duì)成本概念來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)不同設(shè)計(jì)方案之間的對(duì)比評(píng)價(jià)，同時(shí)利用設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)和控制成本的設(shè)計(jì)思想研究成本特征與設(shè)計(jì)特征之間的轉(zhuǎn)化，提出了面向用戶的目標(biāo)成本核算法；美國(guó)學(xué)者（在面向報(bào)價(jià)方面）對(duì)已有或生產(chǎn)過(guò)的產(chǎn)品作回歸統(tǒng)計(jì)的結(jié)果，建立了成本模型；日本、瑞士、英國(guó)等學(xué)者也均對(duì)制造階段的成本估算進(jìn)行了較多的研究。同時(shí)將計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)引入設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域，對(duì)起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)工作的發(fā)展起了很大的推動(dòng)作用。設(shè)計(jì)工作從來(lái)都不是孤立存在的，由此產(chǎn)生了相關(guān) 的技術(shù)和管理問(wèn)題：從 PDM、 CAPP、 ERP、 PLM 到 CRM 的全過(guò)程閉環(huán)反饋信息管理；從設(shè)計(jì)、工藝、制造、安裝、調(diào)試到運(yùn)行的全過(guò)程信息化管理；面向企業(yè)異地協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì)與制造的 MVPN 的研究；基于 CPC 和 MVPN 的快速設(shè)計(jì)與制造一體化系統(tǒng)；專(zhuān)利技術(shù)的大量涌現(xiàn)及知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)問(wèn)題。 根據(jù)現(xiàn)實(shí)和發(fā)展，設(shè)計(jì)手段越 來(lái)越體現(xiàn)出精確化、自動(dòng)化、虛擬化與快捷的特點(diǎn)。 review of agency action principle, the structure interference check is of great practical significance. At the same time in the puter virtual reality system (VRS) in the virtual design environment (VD) for technical studies also began to receive attention. Intelligent design The major industrial countries are from traditional CAD technology continues to intelligent CAD (ICAD) and the direction of manmachine intelligent design system, electrical control system from the analysis, selfadjusting, selfcorrection, intelligent level increased, which make cranes the whole process of design and use of automation and intelligence can be achieved. Optimal Design of Generalized Home about numerical optimization techniques applied to engineering design early 70s, and the current discrete and random variable optimization, structural optimization, intelligent optimization, optimization modeling and optimization of plex systems research methodology has been made in the fields of theory and a considerable level of application of the results, But extended to the forward modeling, processing model, backward extended to the whole process of optimization results show that lack of research indepth and prehensive, and there is a certain gap between the major industrial countries. China crane design parameters on the sensitivity analysis and optimization of the specific application of generalized also achieved initial success. 3 Objectives and key content and direction Target Research and product innovation to grasp the theory and method, and applied to a 大連 科技 學(xué)院 2020 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯 6 number of focused product design, improve product design capability and level of integrated, so that crane products in the product quality, price, delivery and function of type (shape color) and so on to meet the evolving needs of users, in the fierce market petition take more share. Main contents Innovative design techniques Type carried out on the crane drive innovation, structures and functions of innovation theory and technology innovation base in theoretical research, we analyze the new material, new techniques, new gear, and thus through the optimization of different design, deposition and bination to produce a new design, has introduced a new innovative design results transmission. Cost design In the product design process costoriented design techniques and technologies in parallel cost estimate is critical to product cost reduction, The focus is to study the cost structure analysis and value engineering analysis techniques, and the need to construct a variety of specific design knowledge base and cost data to accurately estimate the cost of parallel. Immediate response to achieve product cost through design adjustments to control the product design stage to achieve the true cost of implementation. Innovation does not always equal to the higher costs to the invention with new ponents, use standard ponents, and even standard parts and purchased parts also can be bined into a new product, which is an innovation. Rapid Design Technology Market demand for very short delivery time requirement to carry out webbased collaboration (offsite) design, concurrent engineering technology, this can shorten the product development cycle. Among them, the series modular design, artificial intelligence, product design expert system technol