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. Obviously, a firm is either controlled by insiders or the state shareholder, without proper monitoring from outsiders is not healthy for the development of country’s economy. In August 2020, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) released the “Guidelines for Introducing Independent Directors to the Board of Directors of Listed Companies” (CSRC, 2020。 hereafter referred to as the “Guideline”) to strengthen the importance of board independence, and protect the interests of nearly 60 million Chinese shareholders. Four months later, the “Code of Corporate Governance for Listed Companies in China” (CSRC, 2020。 1 介紹 中國(guó)在 1978 年發(fā)起了大規(guī)模的經(jīng)濟(jì) 體制 改革和自由化項(xiàng)目 ,使得 計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)始 向市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變 。 因此 , 一個(gè)有效的控制機(jī)制需要 的是, 最大化地股東利益的同時(shí) , 降低生產(chǎn)成本的監(jiān)測(cè) 。 因此 ,管理者做事以自身利益為準(zhǔn)則, 而不是 千方百計(jì)地使股東利益達(dá)到最大化。 一方面 , 一些研究人員一致同意獨(dú)立董事 對(duì)公司績(jī)效有良好的促進(jìn)作用。 羅森斯坦和懷亞特認(rèn)為 ,使用業(yè)內(nèi) 人士 作為獨(dú)立董事 更有效 , 因?yàn)樗麄儞碛凶吭降闹R(shí) ,而一些業(yè)外獨(dú)立董事, 他們只不過(guò)是由于機(jī)遇才派上用場(chǎng)。 他們建議一半的董事會(huì)成員 , 包括主席 , 應(yīng) 該由 獨(dú)立 董事?lián)巍*?dú)立董事不僅要監(jiān)控經(jīng)營(yíng)情況,也應(yīng)該監(jiān)控 控股股東 的行為。 建議為了 使 獨(dú)立董事 制度有效運(yùn)行,必須給予他們相應(yīng)的 培訓(xùn) 。 此外 , 外部市場(chǎng)的有效性控制機(jī)制 , 法律體系和人力資本市場(chǎng) 的完善 都是至關(guān)重要的 。 總之 , 分析了五個(gè)內(nèi)在因素 ,其中獨(dú)立性對(duì) 獨(dú)立董事制度的有效性起到?jīng)Q定性的作用 。 否則 ,他們可以很容易 做出 不負(fù)責(zé)任的決定 。 首先 , 最重要的是 ,獨(dú)立董事的“獨(dú)立性”。 例如 : 經(jīng)合組織 認(rèn)為 , 公司的 獨(dú)立 董事 應(yīng) 獨(dú)立客觀判斷 公司的 問(wèn)題 。 此外 米爾斯坦 找到 了 獨(dú)立 董事和優(yōu)越的公司業(yè)績(jī)之間存在顯著相關(guān)性 的證據(jù)。 四個(gè) 月后 ,對(duì)獨(dú)立董事制度的 介紹進(jìn)一步加快進(jìn)程 ,以改善 個(gè) 體 公司 的 治理實(shí)踐 。本文對(duì)香港因被敵意收購(gòu)導(dǎo)致破產(chǎn)的公司的 研究顯示 , 良好的公司治理 與 財(cái)務(wù)重組成功 率呈正相關(guān)。 這些問(wèn)題 的例子 包括管理者和員工之間的相互勾結(jié) ,將 公司資產(chǎn) 從 國(guó)有企業(yè)向非國(guó)有企業(yè) 非法轉(zhuǎn)移; 國(guó)有 企業(yè) 的管理者 的 逃稅和腐敗 ,這些原因 最終導(dǎo)致公司業(yè)績(jī) 的低落。 獨(dú)立董事 制度 在中國(guó) 的環(huán)境中,有 五種 影響其 性能 的 內(nèi)部因素 , 即獨(dú)立 性、報(bào)酬 、 資格 、 保證和自治 。 transferring firm assets from the stateowned enterprise to nonstateowned enterprise。 hereafter referred to as the “Code”) was introduced to further speed up the development process, and hence improve individual pany’s corporate governance practice. After introducing the independent director system, the remaining question is, “Will firm have better performance by having independent directors on the board?” Studies from the West show that there are some controversial views on the effectiveness of board independence in relation to firm performance. On the one hand, some researchers agree that independent directors do have a positive relationship on firm’s corporate performance. Early work by Fama and Jensen contends that independent directors provide a means to monitor management activities through an increased focus on firm financial performance. Lee, Rosenstein and Rangan support this view, provide evidence that boards dominated by outside directors are associated with higher returns than those domi nated by insiders. Similarly, Pearce and Zahra point out that there is a positive correlation between the proportion of independent directors and firm financial performance. Baysinger and Butler report that changes in board position over a tenyear period from 1970s to 1980s appear have a causal relationship with accounting performance. In addition, Millstein and MacAvoy find a statistically significant relationship between active, independent boards and superior firm performance. On the other hand, Furthermore, Rosenstein and Wyatt argue that insiders are more effective because they have superior knowledge of the firm and its industry than outside directors, and they are just