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外文翻譯--團(tuán)隊(duì)工作的秘訣:車間到行政部門的團(tuán)體效能研究-其他專業(yè)(存儲版)

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【正文】 be manufactured。Bailey,Diane E/Samuel M. Natale and Anthony F. Libertella 原文 : What makes teams work: group effectiveness research from the shop floor to the executive suite The management and academic press increasingly emphasizes the importance of teams for anizational success in the modem economy. Books and articles have been written about how to design empowered or selfdirected work teams (Wellins, Byham amp。 Wilson, 1991。 the team39。 Lindsey, 1990). Parallel teams have been used for quite some time, but the continuing interest in quality and employee involvement has resulted in the widespread diffusion of this team type. Project Teams are timelimited. They produce onetime outputs, such as a new product or service to be marketed by the pany, a new information system, or a new plant (Mankin, Cohen amp。 they also indirectly influence them through shaping internal and external processes. The framework illustrates that group processes can bee embedded in psychosocial traits such as norms, shared mental models, or affective states. Environmental factors, meanwhile, have a direct influence on design factors. Altogether, environmental factors, design factors, internal and external processes, and group psychosocial traits predict effectiveness outes. We should note that effectiveness outes can reciprocally influence group processes, psychosocial traits that emerge, and even design factors. For example, the position of TMTs is more likely to change when a firm is performing badly (Hambrick amp。書籍和文章已經(jīng)寫了如何設(shè)計授權(quán)或 以 自我 為 導(dǎo)向的工作團(tuán)隊(duì)( Wellins, Byham amp。例如, 82%的公司中 100 人或更多的員工報告說,他們 運(yùn)用 團(tuán)隊(duì)( Gordon, 1992)。 一個團(tuán)隊(duì) 是個人 的集合,在他們的任務(wù)中 相互依存 ,共享責(zé)任結(jié)果 ,并反觀他們 自己,被 他 人看作是一個完整的社會 實(shí)體 在一個或 更 大的 社會系統(tǒng)中(例如,業(yè)務(wù)部門或公司),管理 他們的關(guān)系跨越 組織 邊界 。 群體在他們的群體程度上有所不同, 一些 群體更加相互依存比其他的更具綜合性 。Mohrman 等, 1995。 Kanter, 1980)。 項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)是 受 時間限制 的 。在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)文獻(xiàn), Brown 和 Eisenhardt( 1995)指出,跨職能團(tuán)隊(duì) 被 發(fā)現(xiàn) 可 以提高項(xiàng)目的成功。它的權(quán)威源于其成員等級排名。 McGrath,1993)。 Dickson( 1996 年), Sundstrom 等( 1990 年)和 Hackman( 1987 年)包括在多個 方面有效性的定義,但沒有引起重視行為結(jié)果。組織方面的設(shè)計變量的例子有獎勵,監(jiān)督,培訓(xùn)和資源。該框架說明了該組的過程可 以成為社會心理特征,如規(guī)范,共享心智模式,或情感狀態(tài)之中。為了簡單,因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)的研究,我們認(rèn)為這里沒有 觀察和預(yù)測結(jié)果之間隨著時間的推移發(fā)生相互關(guān)系,我們不以圖形方式在圖 1 中 表示這些關(guān)系。這些措施包括構(gòu)造,歷史上已被研究 的 ,如 群體規(guī)范和凝聚力,以及新的構(gòu)造,如團(tuán)隊(duì)心智模式或集團(tuán)的影響。在每個類別的標(biāo)題,我們用小標(biāo)題來表示特定變量進(jìn)行審查。 在下面的章節(jié)中,我們組織通過觀察各 團(tuán) 隊(duì)依次輸入我們的研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行討論:工作和 平 行團(tuán)隊(duì),項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)和管理團(tuán)隊(duì)。與此相反,過去大部分框架專注于集團(tuán)內(nèi)部流程。Aveni,1992)。這表明該組的心理特征是真實(shí) 小組 的現(xiàn)象。任務(wù)設(shè)計變量的例子包括自治和相互依賴性。行為措施的例子包括曠工,營業(yè)額和安全性。這些成果出現(xiàn)在幾個層次:在個人,團(tuán)體,企事業(yè)單位和組織水平 上 。管理團(tuán)隊(duì)的整體表現(xiàn)。例如,新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)經(jīng)常 進(jìn)行 市場營銷,工程設(shè)計和他們成員 的制造 。 Lindsey, 1990)的質(zhì)量圈。 Mohrman, 1988。其他來源提供略有不同的類型學(xué)( Katzenbach amp。流行的管理文獻(xiàn)中往往使用術(shù)語 “團(tuán)隊(duì)”, 例如,授權(quán)的團(tuán)隊(duì),質(zhì)量改進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)和團(tuán)隊(duì)效能。 團(tuán)隊(duì) 在組織設(shè)置中什么是團(tuán)隊(duì) ? 有多種定義, 除了來自 Hackman( 1987)對Alderfer( 1977 年) 的 工作建設(shè) 上 。 Mohrman, 1995)。 Roberts, 1993) and group affect (Gee, 1990) on effectiveness. In the sections that follow, we anize our discussion of research findings by looking at each type of team in turn: work and parallel teams, project teams, and management teams. Within each team discussion, we group results according to the seven categories from our heuristic group effectiveness framework: task design, group position design, anizational context design, environmental factors, internal group processes, external group processes, and group psychosocial traits. Under each category heading, we use subheadings to indicate the particular variable to be examined. Thus, for example, under the group position category for work and parallel teams, we use two subheadings: the first for our discussion of studies that investigated diversity, the second for our discussion. Source: Cohen, Susan G.。s impact on: (1) performance effectiveness assessed in terms of quantity and quality of outputs, (2) member attitudes, and (3) behavioral outes. Examples of performance effectiveness measures include efficiency, productivity, response times, quality, customer satisfaction, and innovation. Examples of
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