【正文】 consumption expenses of the entities, the list of specific projects, bidders to give each list the overall project cost. different subproject price At the fixed price hours of work of the unit price is expected that only include labour, materials, machinery, Engineering Projects in inventory value of the unit price in general, in addition, artificial materials, machinery, also including management fees (site management costs and management fees, profits and risks. An integrated unit more directly reflects the price of the project, including a part of the project works entities and other measures, the actual prices paid for works, the cost of adjustment and settlement projects, and to avoid the fee of some unnecessary disputes. The direct costs, integrated unit costs and profits by bidders and actual expenditures under the enterprise profits, bidding strategy is expected that the costs of the actual cost of construction enterprises, the prices of individual projects. A prehensive report of the unit price of a particular market petition, the process. 三、 Divided into different units of the project The Project Division at the fixed price fixed budget allocation of items, mainly in the construction process, single (there is a process that is a price, the Division was that the different parts of the project, different materials, technology, construction machinery, construction methods and materials model, divided into 10 in detail. inventory value of construction projects in specific projects for entities of the fixed allocation of more prehensive, will form an entity parts or ponents must be a number of process or project and to reflect the entities directly to the basic price, it will consider parts, construction materials, process features, but without taking into account the specific method of construction or measures, such as artificial or machinery, different types of machinery, and not on the basis of a project or process is divided into several stages, but a prehensive, such as brick septic tanks by digging out a prehensive, Turkey, as a cushion layer pool plate, bricklaying, pool, not wipe backfilling. Anchor Shank support by M Comprehensive occupies the drilling, pulp, threshed anchor shank, production, Zhang la anchor injection, mortar, process or project. This could reduce the scale of construction enterprise technology options, offer more autonomy. The volume of work should be integrated in the list of works, rather than by fixed terms of the Budget works. The overall volume of enterprises to independently choose the method and to bid, will also enable enterprises to extricate themselves from dependence on the scale, the establishment and management of enterprises39。這一價(jià)格本質(zhì)上不同于定額模式下 通過(guò)層層計(jì)算算出的價(jià)格，也不同于 “一方愿賣(mài)一方愿買(mǎi)一拍即成的 ”簡(jiǎn)單的市場(chǎng)交易行為，它既不是投標(biāo)人任意定價(jià)，也不是招標(biāo)人自由出價(jià)，而是在一定市場(chǎng)規(guī)則的引導(dǎo)下，通過(guò)報(bào)價(jià)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，由社會(huì)加以確認(rèn)。 八 、合同價(jià)格的調(diào)整方式不同 定額計(jì)價(jià)方法形成的合同，其價(jià)格的主要調(diào)整方式有：變更簽證、定額解釋、政策性調(diào)整。 總結(jié)：計(jì)價(jià)的不同 這是清單計(jì)價(jià)和按定額計(jì)價(jià)的最根本區(qū)別。要尋求一種有效的管理辦法和管理手段，從定額管理轉(zhuǎn)變到為建設(shè)領(lǐng)域各方面提供計(jì)價(jià)依據(jù)指導(dǎo)和服務(wù)。但由于沒(méi)有對(duì)定額管理方式及計(jì)價(jià)模式進(jìn)行根本的改變，以至于未能真正體現(xiàn)量?jī)r(jià)分離，以市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)形成價(jià)格。即該項(xiàng)目既有實(shí)體因素又包含措施因素在內(nèi)。綜合單價(jià)的報(bào)出是一個(gè)個(gè)別計(jì)價(jià)、市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的過(guò)程。二者的區(qū)別主要體現(xiàn)為： 一、價(jià)格的表現(xiàn)形式不同 定額計(jì)價(jià)介于國(guó)家定價(jià)和國(guó)家指導(dǎo)價(jià)之間。 分項(xiàng)工程單價(jià)構(gòu)成不同 按定額計(jì)價(jià)時(shí)分項(xiàng)工程的單價(jià)是工料單價(jià) ,即只包括人工、材料、機(jī)械費(fèi) ,工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)分項(xiàng)工程單價(jià)一般為綜合單價(jià) ,除了人工、材料、機(jī) 械費(fèi) ,還要包括管理費(fèi) (現(xiàn)場(chǎng)管理費(fèi)和企業(yè)管理費(fèi) )、利潤(rùn)和必要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。 工程量清單中的量應(yīng)該是綜合的工程量 ,而不是按定額計(jì)算的 “ 預(yù)算工程量 ” 。 五、 計(jì)價(jià)依據(jù)不同 1. 定額計(jì)價(jià)是我們使用了幾十年的一種計(jì)價(jià)模式，其基本特征就是價(jià)格＝定額＋費(fèi)用＋文件規(guī)定，并作為法定性的依據(jù)強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行，不論是工程招標(biāo)編制標(biāo)底還是投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)均以此為唯一的依據(jù)，承發(fā)包雙方共用一本定額和費(fèi)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定標(biāo)底價(jià)和投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)，一量定額價(jià)與市場(chǎng)價(jià)脫節(jié)就影響計(jì)價(jià)的準(zhǔn)確性。首先，從思想觀念上對(duì)定額管理工作有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)和定位。采用行業(yè)統(tǒng)一定額計(jì)價(jià)，投標(biāo)企業(yè)沒(méi)有定價(jià)的發(fā)言權(quán)，只能被動(dòng)接受。 七 、工程量計(jì)算規(guī)則不同 定額計(jì)價(jià)模式按分部分項(xiàng)工程的實(shí)際發(fā)生量計(jì)量，而清單計(jì)價(jià)模式則按分部分項(xiàng)實(shí)物工程量?jī)袅坑?jì)量，也不包含工程量合理?yè)p耗；當(dāng)分部分項(xiàng)子目綜合多個(gè)工程內(nèi)容時(shí)，以主體工程內(nèi)容的單位為該項(xiàng)目的計(jì)量單位。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，我國(guó)的工程造價(jià)管理沿用的是定額模式，由于價(jià)格改革沒(méi)有到位，在招投標(biāo)活動(dòng)中，還設(shè)有標(biāo)底，投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)及標(biāo)底是招投標(biāo)文件中要求的現(xiàn)行定額標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而計(jì)算的，在沒(méi)有失誤的情況 下，理論上投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)與標(biāo)底價(jià)應(yīng)該是相同的，在競(jìng)標(biāo)過(guò)程中，標(biāo)底是個(gè)中準(zhǔn)價(jià)，給一定的幅度作為有效標(biāo)的判定。成本價(jià)是投標(biāo)人的個(gè)別成本，投標(biāo)人應(yīng)參加評(píng)標(biāo)委員會(huì)對(duì)投標(biāo)人擬采取實(shí)現(xiàn)低報(bào)價(jià)的措施進(jìn)行評(píng)審答辯，評(píng)委認(rèn)為是合理的，是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的，則可認(rèn)為期低報(bào)價(jià)是不低于其投標(biāo)人的個(gè)別成本，評(píng)標(biāo)時(shí)才認(rèn)為有效。 and the project inventory value of construction and engineering projects separation separate entities, and in the context of the petition. 七、 Engineering calculation rules for different fixed price model project as part of the actual measurement Volume and price list mode as part of physical works volume measurement, are not included works reasonable depletion, as a part of a prehensive project, the main works for the units of measurement of the project. For example, digging 10m wide bottom , 2m tiles on the basis of the Turkish