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【正文】 在大多數(shù)應(yīng)用程序中,這將可能包括可用的所有頻率。開發(fā)應(yīng)用微控制器通常在微控制器中使用。為避免微控制器2的直流偏移(直流偏移可能導(dǎo)致Xtal的更多分對(duì)稱占空比信號(hào)),兩微控制器通過(guò)電容器想連直接解耦,如圖10所示。對(duì)559設(shè)備和那些電路例子進(jìn)行了測(cè)試,他們大約在3V左右發(fā)生振蕩。增加了輸出電容器,這電容通過(guò)XTAL2產(chǎn)生更大的電流。在某些情況下,大部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)表能更方便的修改標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電路以減少干擾和或補(bǔ)償外部影響。然而在實(shí)際上,如圖3中的電路圖表明:當(dāng)C0約為10 pF和Rx為100歐姆或更小時(shí)。然而在實(shí)際情況下有許多電路參數(shù)決定是否有電路展示可靠的振蕩。電感值和電容值決定著諧振頻率,因此成為串聯(lián)諧振。輸出(Xtal2)部分和輸入(Xtal1)部分通過(guò)一個(gè)石英晶體相連接,并且輸入和輸出通過(guò)電容器接地。(在電路圖中,xtal往往表示石英晶體)2.振蕩器電路 大多數(shù)微控制器設(shè)備都包含一個(gè)振蕩器電路((Xtal1,Xtal2),通過(guò)部晶振和外部電容器來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)振蕩。震蕩現(xiàn)象以及集成振蕩器已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為了一門科學(xué)。在該領(lǐng)域的工程師以及參加研發(fā)微控制器的工程師缺乏具體的振蕩器知識(shí),如果他們閱讀了這篇文章,將會(huì)對(duì)振蕩器知識(shí)有更新的認(rèn)識(shí),解決這個(gè)領(lǐng)域上的問(wèn)題將會(huì)變的更容易。這種形式通常也是目前提供微控制器的最有效途徑。 跨電導(dǎo) 當(dāng)一個(gè)電壓變量驅(qū)動(dòng)該振蕩器,系統(tǒng)通過(guò)一個(gè)輸出外部負(fù)載輸出一個(gè)電流變量。這是任何一個(gè)振蕩階段基本需求之一。事實(shí)上,兩個(gè)電容器串聯(lián)分流晶體,這意味著CO值增加了。如圖5所示,其作者的想法是有小的跨導(dǎo)至少能夠補(bǔ)償電阻,圖中表明電容值、電阻和振蕩器之間的關(guān)系,當(dāng)電阻和電容的坐標(biāo)在上面的區(qū)域時(shí),表明不滿足振蕩條件。這個(gè)晶體參數(shù)稱為驅(qū)動(dòng)級(jí)并且是指定的晶體參數(shù)。一用戶修改了圖5的電路,如圖6所示。利用這種方式環(huán)增益和輸入靈敏度都會(huì)降低。正如前文所述,這個(gè)電路中的微控制器1就是所改后的。這就意味著增加晶體管,這些晶體管在一定條件下導(dǎo)通。注意從PDS51中的信號(hào)通常是方波信號(hào)。在這兩種情況下(一種情況是頻率較高,另一種情況是Xtal2驅(qū)動(dòng)其它電路)連接器和電纜的感應(yīng)值和電容值都會(huì)大大影響振蕩器的動(dòng)作。 PDS51方法 在PDS系統(tǒng)中解決問(wèn)題的方法是不使用振蕩器的目標(biāo)硬件,該系統(tǒng)有一個(gè)單獨(dú)的振蕩器電路且從應(yīng)用中將目標(biāo)Xtal中移除,然后插到PDS51的子板上。在最后一種情況中,Xtal的頻率通常是32kHZ。微控制器1的輸出端Xtal2直接與微控制器的輸入端Xtal1相連。當(dāng)這是由于印刷電路版或是振蕩器電路外部元件的原因,這個(gè)故障能被消除掉,其方法是使用一個(gè)屋臨界值的外部電容器且該電容器值大于C1和C2的值(見(jiàn)圖7)。此過(guò)程是通過(guò)使用非對(duì)稱的電容器并在輸入中(XTAL1)使用最大的電容器來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。5. 驅(qū)動(dòng)問(wèn)題 我們也曾擔(dān)心振蕩會(huì)發(fā)生別的問(wèn)題?到目前為止,大部分是以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電壓為5伏的微控制器為基礎(chǔ)的,其振蕩器階段的目的是要推動(dòng)約1兆瓦的晶體。第二個(gè)原因是有些工程人員并不知曉某些參數(shù)應(yīng)用在哪些部件上。晶體頻率是10 MHz時(shí),其相應(yīng)的等效組分的值為:L = H, C = pF, Rx = 10Ω,Co = pF。gm的一個(gè)定值是保證啟動(dòng)的重要參數(shù)。該器件(半導(dǎo)體)將輸出電壓反饋到輸入部分,其目的是在模擬工作階段使其達(dá)到平衡。 在許多數(shù)字電路,振蕩器電路也集成在同一個(gè)芯片上數(shù)字電子產(chǎn)品提供時(shí)鐘信號(hào),通常只有振蕩器的靈活部分是嵌入式,但這一部分卻不是被動(dòng)頻率的確定部分。APPLICATION NOTEXtal oscillators on 8bit microcontrollersAN96103 SummaryDesigningin 8bit microcontrollers occasionally raises questions regarding the crystal oscillator circuit. The support groups in Eindhoven and Zuerich have gained some experience in responding to these kind of customer questions. This report reflects some of this experience. For engineers in the field as well as development engineers involved in microcontroller based products that do not have specific oscillator knowledge, reading this report may result in some awareness of the oscillator issues making it easier to approach questions on this subject.1. What this note IS and what it is NOT.In the early days of electronics it was quite a challenge to design a circuit that did NOT oscillate. All kinds of unforseen ponent characteristics were the main reason for this, as well as limited knowledge of the oscillation phenomena. Electronics have e a long way since those days and today ponents characteristics are well defined. Oscillation has bee a science and integrating oscillators even more. On the subject of oscillation and of integration of crystal (Xtal)* oscillators there are many scientific publications and courses that provide high level knowledge on this subject. This report will NOT repeat that.In many digital circuits, oscillator circuits are also integrated on the same chip just to provide the clock signal for the digital electronics. Usually only the active parts of the oscillator part is embedded and not the passive frequency determining parts. These parts are usually traditional ponents supplied by other manufacturers. Thissituation is also valid for most currently supplied microcontrollers.“How to assure oscillation?” = a very legal question from the application point of view. This report IS based on application feedback from the field, providing some background and practical knowledge to e closer to the ultimate answer to this question.*(A crystal or quartz in
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