【正文】 probable reaction use the direct approach when your audience will be neutral,pleased,interested, eager use the indirect approach when your audience will be displeased, uninterested, unwilling Structure the Message to Decide What you Need to Say Start with the main idea State the major points illustrate with evidence Start with the main idea Summarizes two things: what you want your audience to do or think why they should do so *everything in the message should either support the main idea or explain its implications State the major points Identify 35 major points that support clarify your message in more concrete terms To inform with factual material To describe a process To describe an object To give a historical account To persuade or collaborate Illustrate with evidence Specific evidence is flesh and blood that helps your audience understand and remember. the more evidence you provide the more conclusive your case will be. Each major point must be supported with enough specific evidence to be convincing ,but not so much that it’s boring Selecting the best words TOPIC: Choosing your words carefully. ? First, pay close attention to correctness. If you make grammatical or usage errors, you lose credibility with your audience. ? Poor grammar implies that you are unaware or uninformed and audience put little faith in an uninformed source. If doubt check it out ? If you have doubts about what is correct, don’t be lazy. Look up the answer and use the proper form of expression. ? Most authorities agree on the basic conventions. Effectiveness is the second consideration when choosing words. ? Just as important as selecting the correct word is selecting the most effective word for the job at hand . Ⅰ ． Use functional and content words correctly ? Words can be divided into two main categories(類 ). ? Functional words express relationships and have only one unchanging meaning in any given context . ? They include conjunctions (n. 連詞 ),prepositions (n. 介詞 ),articles(冠詞 ),and pronouns (n. 代名詞 ) . ? Content words carry the meaning of a sentence and are subject to various interpretations(解釋 ). ? They include nouns, verbs adjectives ,and adverbs ? Both functional words and content(滿意的 ,滿足的 ) words are necessary, but your effectiveness as a municator depends on your ability to choose the right content words for your message. Ⅱ ． Denotation(象征預(yù)示 ) and connotation(隱含意義 ) ? Content words have both a denotative (explicit, specific) meaning and a connotative (implicit, associative) meaning. ? Denotation meaning is the literal(字面意義的 ), or dictionary meaning. ? Connotative meaning includes all the associations and feeling evoked(喚起引起 ) by the word . ? However, some words have much stronger connotation than others . ? In business munication, avoid using terms that are high in connotative（隱含的） meaning. ? Business municators avoid words with negative or multiple connotations. Ⅲ ． Abstraction and concreteness （抽象和具體） ? An abstract word expresses a concept, quality, or characteristic. ? A concrete（具體的） word stands for something you can touch or see. ? You might assume that concrete words are always better than abstract words, because they are more precise（精確的） ,but you would sometimes be wrong. ? In business munication, use concrete, specific terms whenever possible。Chapter 5 Writing Business Messages Cite four of the most mon anization mistakes by municators Made by Group 2 What Good Organization Means ? Various cultures define good anization differently. ? In the United States and Canada, it generally means creating a linear message that proceeds point by point. ? If you’ve ever received a disanized message, you’ve familiar with the frustration of trying to sort through a muddle of ideas. Made by Group 2 Most disanized munication suffers from problems with clarity, relevance, grouping, and pleteness. So we can distinguish four of the most mon anization mistakes by municators. Made by Group 2 Taking Too Long To Get To The Point ? In daily life, most people like to write warmingup paragraphs before getting to the point. ? But if the beginning of a business message was too wordy and not involved the topic, it just waste the audience’s valuable time. Made by Group 2 Solution: Make the subject and purpose clear. ? Shorten or delete warmingup paragraphs ? Identify the purpose of the message in the beginning Taking Too Long