【正文】
類之間的165和236線是:165級需要:(a)名義背誦用于加熱和冷卻的手段,為自動控制加熱和冷卻方式的手段。 蒸餾:儀器,設備的子類為163 +和232 +的揮發(fā)對于通過回收蒸汽冷凝或吸收的物質(zhì)材料的目的。子類的摩擦加熱器247。冷壁熱壁熱擴散裝置會被發(fā)現(xiàn),96類,子類221。子509為新成立的玻璃纖維或長絲專門加熱+。 and appropriate subclasses for a temperature or humidity control mechanism for a control of general utility. The line between Class 165 and 236 is: Class 165 takes: (a) Nominal recitation of a means for heating and cooling, and a means for automatically controlling the means for heating and cooling. (b) Specific heat exchanger structure in bination with a means for automatically controlling a heat exchanger. (c) Specific heat exchange structure in bination with a means for automatically controlling a heating and a cooling means. Class 236 takes: A patent with nominal recitation of a heat exchanger in bination with a means for automatically controlling a heating or cooling means. 中文翻譯:干燥和氣體或蒸氣接觸固體,適當?shù)淖宇悺?subclasses 484+ for means specialized to exchange heat in a fiber or filament forming operation and appropriate subclasses for processes or means specialized to the application of or removal of heat in glass manufacturing. Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of gas separation including heat exchange. Cold wallhot wall thermal diffusion processes will be found in Class 95, subclass 289 . Class 165 will take processes where only indirect heat exchange is involved, whether or not gas separation is said to occur. See Subclass References to the Current Class in this class (165) for a subclass reference for heating and cooling including addition or removal of water vapor from air. Gas Separation: Apparatus, for apparatus for gas separation including a heat exchanger. Cold wallhot wall thermal diffusion apparatus will be found in Class 96, subclass 221 . Class 165 will take apparatus where only indirect heat exchange is involved, whether or not gas separation is said to occur. See Subclass References to the Current Class in this class (165) for a heating and cooling system with an ancillary separator. Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, appropriate subclasses for food treating apparatus having heating or cooling means bined with additional apparatus specialized to food. Presses, subclasses 92+ for presses means to heat, cool or dry the material. Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers, subclasses 32+ for an indirectly heated closed liquid container with an internal vapor separator, and appropriate subclasses for a closed liquid heating vessel with a heat generator and for an accessory or element that of necessity must form a part of the liquid heating bination. Stoves and Furnaces, subclass 33 for a stove with a steam table。雖然經(jīng)過20多年試驗研究和技術攻關,我國的太陽能制冷及空調(diào)事業(yè)某些方面已取得了很大的進展,一些應用技術正開始邁入實用化階段,但是由于過去投入不夠,許多有研究基礎的單位不得不放棄了已經(jīng)取得進展的工作,只有少數(shù)單位堅持了下來。 (7)系統(tǒng)運行的有效控制和優(yōu)化匹配 與一般的制冷設備不同,太陽能半導體制冷系統(tǒng)受太陽輻射和環(huán)境條件影響,系統(tǒng)工況一天內(nèi)往往有很大的變化。這嚴重影響了太陽能制冷系統(tǒng)的推廣和應用。這主要是因為太陽能空調(diào)的安裝不普遍,樓房的設計沒有考慮到太陽能空調(diào),就象八十年代的太陽能熱水器,安裝很復雜,而現(xiàn)在樓房設計者想到了,太陽能熱水器抬上就是。(2)從集熱器、制冷機等相應的成本分配來看,集熱溫度、冷水溫度及冷卻水溫度應各為多少,才能建立一個最為經(jīng)濟合理的太陽能空調(diào)系統(tǒng),也是尚待解決的課題。1995 。(120天)419㎡*12元/㎡=419㎡*30元/㎡=120天**=1170元1170*30%=351元平均年維修費用400元2000元400元351元全年生活熱水3959元351元年運行維修合計總費用,低溫熱泵在0℃,太陽能保證率按70%??刂葡到y(tǒng)人機界面可以顯示各種設置點參數(shù)及各設備運行情況,自動檢測系統(tǒng)故障并顯示故障代碼,以方便查詢和檢修。熱水供應系統(tǒng)系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)的熱水除提供采暖外,還能通過熱水供應系統(tǒng)為用戶提供生活日常用熱水。本空氣源冷熱泵機組已成功實現(xiàn)室外溫度15℃時,額定制熱量衰減比普通熱泵機組減少25%左右。 圖4太陽能采暖制冷熱水三聯(lián)供系統(tǒng)太陽能集熱系統(tǒng)太陽能集熱系統(tǒng)主要由太陽能集熱器、集熱器支架、循環(huán)管路、循環(huán)泵、閥門、過濾器、儲熱水箱等組成。Q小時=q*F=q=178。(二)太陽能制冷技術應用實例工程簡介某建筑是一座新建的節(jié)能民居,上下兩層建筑面積為419㎡,大小房間共15間,磚混結(jié)構(gòu),中空玻璃塑鋼門窗,外墻為370㎜厚空心磚,外墻加裝70㎜厚標準擠塑板保溫層,房頂采用200㎜厚聚苯板保溫,建筑外圍護結(jié)構(gòu)符合節(jié)能50%標準。 集熱面積120m2,制冷能力14kW,空調(diào)面積為80m2。高效太陽能集熱材料的研究有利于減少集熱面積,降低系統(tǒng)成本,促進太陽能制冷的發(fā)展和應用。制冷機的效率(COP)隨著驅(qū)動溫度和蒸發(fā)溫度的上升而上升,太陽能集熱器的效率隨著太陽輻射強度的上升而增大,隨著介質(zhì)溫度的上升而減小。而太陽能集熱器將太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換成熱能,使集熱器內(nèi)傳熱工質(zhì)通過循環(huán)泵重新回到集熱器吸收太陽能熱量,此為太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換子循環(huán)。根據(jù)吸附劑和吸附質(zhì)之間作用關系的不同,吸附式制冷可分為物理吸附和化學吸附。總的說來,雙效制冷機和單效制冷機系統(tǒng)的總的造價差別不大,而如果能降低高溫集熱器的價格,三效吸收式制冷機將更具有市場競爭力。從圖中可以看出,在熱源溫度為80100℃時單效式工作在最佳的狀態(tài),即使再增加熱源]圖2 卡諾、單效、雙效、三效吸收式制冷機熱源溫度和COP關系圖[4]的溫度,制冷機的COP值也不會顯著地提高。吸收式制冷的特點和其使用的工質(zhì)有關系,常用的工質(zhì)有LiBr水和氨水工質(zhì),目前研究的工質(zhì)還包括乙醇類工質(zhì)等。 太陽能光電轉(zhuǎn)換制冷[3]它是利用光伏轉(zhuǎn)換裝置將太陽能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能后,再用驅(qū)動普通蒸汽壓縮式制冷系統(tǒng)或半導體制冷系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)制冷的方法,即光電半導體制冷和光電壓縮式制冷,其關鍵是光電轉(zhuǎn)換技術。在我國,太陽能制冷研究也取得了許多成果。是否可以制造一種不消耗電能、又能夠達到制冷目的的裝置呢?答案是肯定的,目前科研工作者正在研制一種利用太陽能來制冷的裝置,