美國(guó)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目的建造-營(yíng)運(yùn)-移交-免費(fèi)閱讀
【正文】 出處：艾德BOT是一有效的交付/融資體制，在指定的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)期內(nèi)由私人贊助融資設(shè)計(jì)，施工，維護(hù)和經(jīng)營(yíng)公共項(xiàng)目，在期末將其所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓給政府機(jī)構(gòu)。該方案降低了贊助商在經(jīng)營(yíng)期內(nèi)的保險(xiǎn)成本。私人贊助商向用戶收費(fèi)不超過(guò)該建議的投標(biāo)人提供適當(dāng)?shù)馁M(fèi)用。公共赤字，抵稅，以及發(fā)展策略與對(duì)私人投資的激勵(lì)機(jī)制之間的轉(zhuǎn)變給以BOT項(xiàng)目形式的私人公司和公共機(jī)構(gòu)合作創(chuàng)造了機(jī)會(huì)。他們?cè)趯ふ乙环N創(chuàng)造性的方法來(lái)促進(jìn)項(xiàng)目。但公共客戶必須決定是否有能力用自身的債務(wù)為項(xiàng)目融資，或者不同的融資方式如BOT方式將是可取的。本研究的目的是確定美國(guó)政府機(jī)構(gòu)在它們的大型工程項(xiàng)目利用的BOT到何種程度，調(diào)查以BOT方式的實(shí)施，以及一些政府機(jī)構(gòu)避免使用BOT方式的原因。授權(quán)當(dāng)局確定項(xiàng)目要求，建立特許經(jīng)營(yíng)期，索取招標(biāo)，簽訂合同。盡管國(guó)有公司一般負(fù)責(zé)提供融資，在某些情況下融資可能變?yōu)橥獠康呢?zé)任。 (4) proper legislation is not available (11%)。 and thus it allows governments to construct more infrastructure services without the use of additional public funds. BOT gives the governments the best of both worlds—the benefit of more infrastructure projects being built, without the burden of additional public borrowing. At the same time, BOT opens up opportunities for contractors to penetrate an expanding market for infrastructure project construction and operation, with reduced government involvement and a greater opportunity to earn profits. BOT is appropriate in projects that are economically viable and could assure a reasonable rate of return enough to attract investors.Project participants include the granting authority, usually a government agency。 and (4) selling infrastructure assets to a private pany .BOT is fashionable worldwide, especially in developing countries, to attract private capital to assist in developing public infrastructure. The first BOT project officially implemented in modern times was in the mid1980s, as part of a move to privatize infrastructure projects and large power plants in Turkey. The BOT method was used as early as 1834 when the Egyptian government was financially supported by European capital to build the Suez Canal.Financing has replaced the availability of technology and expertise as the main problem in infrastructure development around the world. After years of large cost overruns and numerous change orders on 100% publicly funded projects, many governments started seeking greater efficiency by centralizing the management and control of plex projects in the hands of private experts. Public deficits, resistance to taxes, and a shift among development strategists toward private investment incentives have created opportunities for private panies and public agencies to cooperate in the form of BOT projects. Ideally, BOT projects put large, wellcapitalized private firms at the service of governments with a strong mitment to economic development, in the process of finding design and construction efficiencies, reducing the drain on the public purse, and distributing risks and rewards fairly. The success of BOT projects depends on the motivations of a market economy that benefit all parties (government, end user, and sponsor ).Since the late 1700s, the existence of privately built and operated public facilities was monplace in the United States. But after World War II, even though some national agencies have successfully tested BOT on their projects and despite the extensive use of BOT and its variations in many countries around the world, many United States public agencies were still reluctant to implement BOT in their projects. Ashley et al. (1998) pointed out that there is a limited history of publicprivate partnership projects in the North American market. Countries in need of BOTtype infrastructure development should learn lessons from projects that have assisted the Hong Kong government to develop a wellstructured BOT process.The BOT system involves the investment of private risk capital to design, finance, construct, operate, and maintain a project for public use for a specific term during which a private sponsor (a
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