【正文】 reFrance January 16, 1987 – February 14, 2000Michel CamdessusFrance May 1, 2000 – March 4, 2004Horst K?hlerGermany June 7, 2004 – October 31, 2007Rodrigo RatoSpain November 1, 2007 – presentDominique StraussKahnFrance [編輯]Media representation of the IMF Life and Debt a documentary film, deals with the IMF39。s member countries. The agenda includes changes in IMF governance to enhance the role of developing countries in the institution39。s 185 member countries. Member states with balance of payments problems, which often arise from these difficulties, may request loans to help fill gaps between what countries earn and/or are able to borrow from other official lenders and what countries must spend to operate, including to cover the cost of importing basic goods and services. In return, countries are usually required to launch certain reforms, which have often been dubbed the Washington Consensus. These reforms are generally required because countries with fixed exchange rate policies can engage in fiscal, monetary, and political practices which may lead to the crisis itself. For example, nations with severe budget deficits, rampant inflation, strict price controls, or significantly overvalued or undervalued currencies run the risk of facing balance of payment crises. Thus, the structural adjustment programs are at least ostensibly intended to ensure that the IMF is actually helping to prevent financial crises rather than merely funding financial recklessness. [edit] IMF/World Bank support of military dictatorships The role of the Bretton Woods institutions has been controversial since the late Cold War period, as the IMF policy makers supported military dictatorships friendly to American and European corporations. Critics also claim that the IMF is generally apathetic or hostile to their views of democracy, human rights, and labor rights. The controversy has helped spark the antiglobalization movement. Arguments in favor of the IMF say that economic stability is a precursor to democracy, however critics highlight various examples in which democratized countries fell after receiving IMF loans.[7] In the 60’s, the IMF and the World Bank supported the government of Brazil’s military dictator Castello Branco with tens of millions of dollars of loans and credit that were denied to previous democraticallyelected governments.[8] Countries that were or are under a Military dictatorship whilst being members of the IMF/World Bank (support from various sources in $ Billion):[9] Country indebted to IMF/World BankDictatorIn power fromIn power todebts at start of Dictatorship(1)Debts at end of Dictatorship(2)Country Debts in 1996Dictator debts generated $ billionDictator generated debt % of total debt ArgentinaMilitary dictatorship19761983% BoliviaMilitary dictatorship196219800% BrazilMilitary dictatorship19641984179100% ChileAugusto Pinochet1973198918% El SalvadorMilitary dictatorship19791994% EthiopiaMengistu Haile Mariam1977199110% HaitiJeanClaude Duvalier197119860% IndonesiaSuharto196719983129129126% KenyaMoi19792002% LiberiaDoe19791990% MalawiBanda196419942% NigeriaBuhari/Abacha19841998% PakistanZiaul Haq1977198817ParaguayStroessner19541989% PhilippinesMarcos19651986% SomaliaSiad Barre196919910% South Africaapartheid1992% SudanNimeiry/alMahdi1969present1717% SyriaAssad1970present% ThailandMilitary dictatorship195019830% Zaire/CongoMobutu19651997% Notes: Debt at takeover by dictatorship。s governance that would shift quota and voting shares from advanced to emerging markets and developing countries. The Fund39。 Hong Kong – SDDS 至于經(jīng)基金公布的平價(jià)，非經(jīng)基金同意不得變更。對(duì)于此種資本流出，會(huì)員國(guó)得加以管制，但不得因此而妨礙經(jīng)濟(jì)交易的對(duì)外支付。 　?、芤蠼杩顕?guó)實(shí)施自由化改革，進(jìn)一步開(kāi)放貿(mào)易和資本項(xiàng)目等，可能會(huì)給那些本來(lái)就是因?yàn)榻鹑谧杂苫椒ミ~得過(guò)快而造成危機(jī)的國(guó)家，雪上加霜，甚至?xí)?dǎo)致社會(huì)動(dòng)亂，成員國(guó)為此付出的代價(jià)可能將更加巨大。從IMF來(lái)講，它可能會(huì)認(rèn)為所有這些措施，都是為了維護(hù)國(guó)際金融秩序，降低貸款風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，幫助成員國(guó)渡過(guò)難關(guān)。儲(chǔ)備部分貸款、信托基金、結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整貸款和擴(kuò)大的結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整貸款以及補(bǔ)充貸款和擴(kuò)大貸款等，是以優(yōu)惠利率或僅收取手續(xù)費(fèi)形式提供的，其余貸款的利率在4％～7％之間，具體依當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)際金融市場(chǎng)利率水平及成員國(guó)借款數(shù)額多少而定。低收入成員國(guó)最終能否獲得此項(xiàng)貸款及貸款數(shù)額大小，除取決于本國(guó)國(guó)際收支和收入水平外，還取決于該國(guó)本身與 IMF的合作程度以及對(duì)本國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)作出的調(diào)整努力。1985年5月，IMF實(shí)施擴(kuò)張借款政策，提供擴(kuò)大貸款，其目的和內(nèi)容與補(bǔ)充貸款相似。 　　⑥信托基金貸款(trust fund)。成員國(guó)在執(zhí)行IMF支持的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)整計(jì)劃中，如遇突發(fā)性、臨時(shí)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素而造成經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目收支偏離預(yù)期調(diào)整目標(biāo)時(shí)，可申請(qǐng)?jiān)擁?xiàng)貸款。 　　 ②中期貸款(亦稱擴(kuò)展貸款)(extended credit)。 　　(2)IMF貸款的分類 　　IMF貸款的種類是有所發(fā)展的。 　　近幾年，尤其是墨西哥發(fā)生貨幣危機(jī)以來(lái)，IMF擴(kuò)大了監(jiān)管活動(dòng)范圍，關(guān)注成員國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量和這些數(shù)據(jù)的適時(shí)公布情況，關(guān)注成員國(guó)金融制度的效率和能力以及私人資本的穩(wěn)定性，并通過(guò)對(duì)可能出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題提出警告來(lái)防止金融和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的發(fā)生。 　　出售黃金 　　1976年1月，IMF決定將其所持有的黃金的1／6即2 500萬(wàn)盎司，分4年按市價(jià)出售，以所得的收益中的一部分，作為建立信托基金的一個(gè)資金來(lái)源，用以向最貧窮的成員國(guó)提供信貸。IMF規(guī)定，每一成員國(guó)有250份基本票，這部分代表國(guó)家的主權(quán)。 　　份額(quota) 　　份額，是指成員國(guó)參加IMF時(shí)所要認(rèn)繳的一定數(shù)額的款項(xiàng)。兩個(gè)委員會(huì)每年開(kāi)會(huì)2～4次，討論國(guó)際貨幣體系與開(kāi)發(fā)援助等重大問(wèn)題，其通過(guò)的決議最后往往就是理事會(huì)的決議。 　　(executive board) 　　執(zhí)行董事會(huì)是IMF負(fù)責(zé)處理日常業(yè)務(wù)工作的常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)，由22名執(zhí)行董事組成，任期2年。在基金會(huì)員國(guó)家而言，增資的結(jié)果可使其基金融通的額度增大。自1970年特別提款權(quán)實(shí)施后，各會(huì)員國(guó)的攤額，須經(jīng)總投票權(quán)85％的同意，才能變更。 [編輯]國(guó)際貨幣基金的權(quán)利 　　國(guó)際貨幣基金為推行國(guó)際間貨幣合作的永久性機(jī)構(gòu)，屬于聯(lián)合國(guó)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會(huì)。根據(jù)1944年7月44個(gè)國(guó)家在美國(guó)新罕布什爾州布雷頓森林達(dá)成的《國(guó)際貨幣基金協(xié)定》，于1946年3月正式成立。IMF的最高決策機(jī)構(gòu)是理事會(huì)，日常行政工作由執(zhí)行董事會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)。 　　攤額與表決權(quán)：國(guó)際貨幣基金（IMF)規(guī)定每一會(huì)員國(guó)應(yīng)根據(jù)其經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要性（國(guó)民所得及貿(mào)易額），向基金繳納一定攤額（Quota）的資金，以供基金運(yùn)用。％，自292億特別提款單位增至 390億單位。副理事在理事缺席時(shí)才有投票權(quán)。執(zhí)，行董事會(huì)每星期至少召開(kāi)三次正式會(huì)議，履行基金協(xié)定指定的和理事會(huì)賦予它的職權(quán)。 　　 　　IMF設(shè)有16個(gè)職能部門，負(fù)責(zé)經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)。 　　份額是根據(jù)成員國(guó)的國(guó)民收入、黃金和外匯儲(chǔ)備、進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易及其他經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)來(lái)決定的，具體是按一套較為復(fù)雜的方法計(jì)算出的。 　　借款 　　借款是IMF的另一個(gè)主要的資金來(lái)源。主要是檢查各成員國(guó)的匯率政策是否符合基金協(xié)定所規(guī)定的義務(wù)和指導(dǎo)原則。 　　金融貸款 　　金融貸款是IMF的一個(gè)主要業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)，其形式多種多樣，條件很嚴(yán)格，特點(diǎn)十分明顯。貸款最高額度為成員國(guó)所繳份額的 125％。1981年5月又規(guī)定，當(dāng)成員國(guó)糧食進(jìn)口價(jià)格超過(guò)前5年的平均價(jià)格而造成國(guó)際收支困難時(shí)，也可申請(qǐng)補(bǔ)償貸款。貸款的額度最高為成員國(guó)份額的50％，期限 3～5年。設(shè)立于1977年4月，目的是為了幫助成員國(guó)解決龐大的、持續(xù)的國(guó)際收支逆差。成員國(guó)要獲取該貸款，必須有詳細(xì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)整計(jì)劃，并且由IMF或世界銀行工作人員參與計(jì)劃的制定，最后由IMF核定批準(zhǔn)。 　　上述各項(xiàng)貸款，成員國(guó)不能同時(shí)獲準(zhǔn)借取，這是因?yàn)镮MF對(duì)一個(gè)成員國(guó)在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)的全部貸款設(shè)定限額。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)一成員國(guó)向其申請(qǐng)貸款時(shí)，IMF首先會(huì)組織“專家小組”，直接赴借款國(guó)實(shí)地考察，分析該國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)尤其國(guó)際收支存在的問(wèn)題，并由“專家小組”制定一組綜合的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)，即經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)整計(jì)劃，借款國(guó)只有同意并接受該調(diào)整計(jì)劃，才能獲得貸款資格。緊縮的貨幣政策與財(cái)政政策同時(shí)使用，往往還會(huì)引起經(jīng)濟(jì)的衰退。