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國際貨幣基金組織簡介-免費閱讀

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【正文】 reFrance January 16, 1987 – February 14, 2000Michel CamdessusFrance May 1, 2000 – March 4, 2004Horst K?hlerGermany June 7, 2004 – October 31, 2007Rodrigo RatoSpain November 1, 2007 – presentDominique StraussKahnFrance [編輯]Media representation of the IMF Life and Debt a documentary film, deals with the IMF39。s member countries. The agenda includes changes in IMF governance to enhance the role of developing countries in the institution39。s 185 member countries. Member states with balance of payments problems, which often arise from these difficulties, may request loans to help fill gaps between what countries earn and/or are able to borrow from other official lenders and what countries must spend to operate, including to cover the cost of importing basic goods and services. In return, countries are usually required to launch certain reforms, which have often been dubbed the Washington Consensus. These reforms are generally required because countries with fixed exchange rate policies can engage in fiscal, monetary, and political practices which may lead to the crisis itself. For example, nations with severe budget deficits, rampant inflation, strict price controls, or significantly overvalued or undervalued currencies run the risk of facing balance of payment crises. Thus, the structural adjustment programs are at least ostensibly intended to ensure that the IMF is actually helping to prevent financial crises rather than merely funding financial recklessness. [edit] IMF/World Bank support of military dictatorships The role of the Bretton Woods institutions has been controversial since the late Cold War period, as the IMF policy makers supported military dictatorships friendly to American and European corporations. Critics also claim that the IMF is generally apathetic or hostile to their views of democracy, human rights, and labor rights. The controversy has helped spark the antiglobalization movement. Arguments in favor of the IMF say that economic stability is a precursor to democracy, however critics highlight various examples in which democratized countries fell after receiving IMF loans.[7] In the 60’s, the IMF and the World Bank supported the government of Brazil’s military dictator Castello Branco with tens of millions of dollars of loans and credit that were denied to previous democraticallyelected governments.[8] Countries that were or are under a Military dictatorship whilst being members of the IMF/World Bank (support from various sources in $ Billion):[9] Country indebted to IMF/World BankDictatorIn power fromIn power todebts at start of Dictatorship(1)Debts at end of Dictatorship(2)Country Debts in 1996Dictator debts generated $ billionDictator generated debt % of total debt ArgentinaMilitary dictatorship19761983% BoliviaMilitary dictatorship196219800% BrazilMilitary dictatorship19641984179100% ChileAugusto Pinochet1973198918% El SalvadorMilitary dictatorship19791994% EthiopiaMengistu Haile Mariam1977199110% HaitiJeanClaude Duvalier197119860% IndonesiaSuharto196719983129129126% KenyaMoi19792002% LiberiaDoe19791990% MalawiBanda196419942% NigeriaBuhari/Abacha19841998% PakistanZiaul Haq1977198817ParaguayStroessner19541989% PhilippinesMarcos19651986% SomaliaSiad Barre196919910% South Africaapartheid1992% SudanNimeiry/alMahdi1969present1717% SyriaAssad1970present% ThailandMilitary dictatorship195019830% Zaire/CongoMobutu19651997% Notes: Debt at takeover by dictatorship。s governance that would shift quota and voting shares from advanced to emerging markets and developing countries. The Fund39。 Hong Kong – SDDS 至于經(jīng)基金公布的平價,非經(jīng)基金同意不得變更。對于此種資本流出,會員國得加以管制,但不得因此而妨礙經(jīng)濟交易的對外支付。  ?、芤蠼杩顕鴮嵤┳杂苫母?,進一步開放貿易和資本項目等,可能會給那些本來就是因為金融自由化步伐邁得過快而造成危機的國家,雪上加霜,甚至會導致社會動亂,成員國為此付出的代價可能將更加巨大。從IMF來講,它可能會認為所有這些措施,都是為了維護國際金融秩序,降低貸款風險,幫助成員國渡過難關。儲備部分貸款、信托基金、結構調整貸款和擴大的結構調整貸款以及補充貸款和擴大貸款等,是以優(yōu)惠利率或僅收取手續(xù)費形式提供的,其余貸款的利率在4%~7%之間,具體依當時國際金融市場利率水平及成員國借款數(shù)額多少而定。低收入成員國最終能否獲得此項貸款及貸款數(shù)額大小,除取決于本國國際收支和收入水平外,還取決于該國本身與 IMF的合作程度以及對本國經(jīng)濟作出的調整努力。1985年5月,IMF實施擴張借款政策,提供擴大貸款,其目的和內容與補充貸款相似。  ?、扌磐谢鹳J款(trust fund)。成員國在執(zhí)行IMF支持的經(jīng)濟調整計劃中,如遇突發(fā)性、臨時性的經(jīng)濟因素而造成經(jīng)常項目收支偏離預期調整目標時,可申請該項貸款。    ②中期貸款(亦稱擴展貸款)(extended credit)。   (2)IMF貸款的分類   IMF貸款的種類是有所發(fā)展的。   近幾年,尤其是墨西哥發(fā)生貨幣危機以來,IMF擴大了監(jiān)管活動范圍,關注成員國經(jīng)濟數(shù)據(jù)的質量和這些數(shù)據(jù)的適時公布情況,關注成員國金融制度的效率和能力以及私人資本的穩(wěn)定性,并通過對可能出現(xiàn)的問題提出警告來防止金融和經(jīng)濟危機的發(fā)生。   出售黃金   1976年1月,IMF決定將其所持有的黃金的1/6即2 500萬盎司,分4年按市價出售,以所得的收益中的一部分,作為建立信托基金的一個資金來源,用以向最貧窮的成員國提供信貸。IMF規(guī)定,每一成員國有250份基本票,這部分代表國家的主權。   份額(quota)   份額,是指成員國參加IMF時所要認繳的一定數(shù)額的款項。兩個委員會每年開會2~4次,討論國際貨幣體系與開發(fā)援助等重大問題,其通過的決議最后往往就是理事會的決議。   (executive board)   執(zhí)行董事會是IMF負責處理日常業(yè)務工作的常設機構,由22名執(zhí)行董事組成,任期2年。在基金會員國家而言,增資的結果可使其基金融通的額度增大。自1970年特別提款權實施后,各會員國的攤額,須經(jīng)總投票權85%的同意,才能變更。 [編輯]國際貨幣基金的權利   國際貨幣基金為推行國際間貨幣合作的永久性機構,屬于聯(lián)合國的社會經(jīng)濟委員會。根據(jù)1944年7月44個國家在美國新罕布什爾州布雷頓森林達成的《國際貨幣基金協(xié)定》,于1946年3月正式成立。IMF的最高決策機構是理事會,日常行政工作由執(zhí)行董事會負責。   攤額與表決權:國際貨幣基金(IMF)規(guī)定每一會員國應根據(jù)其經(jīng)濟的重要性(國民所得及貿易額),向基金繳納一定攤額(Quota)的資金,以供基金運用。%,自292億特別提款單位增至 390億單位。副理事在理事缺席時才有投票權。執(zhí),行董事會每星期至少召開三次正式會議,履行基金協(xié)定指定的和理事會賦予它的職權。      IMF設有16個職能部門,負責經(jīng)營業(yè)務活動。   份額是根據(jù)成員國的國民收入、黃金和外匯儲備、進出口貿易及其他經(jīng)濟指標來決定的,具體是按一套較為復雜的方法計算出的。   借款   借款是IMF的另一個主要的資金來源。主要是檢查各成員國的匯率政策是否符合基金協(xié)定所規(guī)定的義務和指導原則。   金融貸款   金融貸款是IMF的一個主要業(yè)務活動,其形式多種多樣,條件很嚴格,特點十分明顯。貸款最高額度為成員國所繳份額的 125%。1981年5月又規(guī)定,當成員國糧食進口價格超過前5年的平均價格而造成國際收支困難時,也可申請補償貸款。貸款的額度最高為成員國份額的50%,期限 3~5年。設立于1977年4月,目的是為了幫助成員國解決龐大的、持續(xù)的國際收支逆差。成員國要獲取該貸款,必須有詳細的經(jīng)濟調整計劃,并且由IMF或世界銀行工作人員參與計劃的制定,最后由IMF核定批準。   上述各項貸款,成員國不能同時獲準借取,這是因為IMF對一個成員國在一定時間內的全部貸款設定限額。一般來說,當一成員國向其申請貸款時,IMF首先會組織“專家小組”,直接赴借款國實地考察,分析該國的經(jīng)濟形勢尤其國際收支存在的問題,并由“專家小組”制定一組綜合的經(jīng)濟政策和經(jīng)濟目標,即經(jīng)濟調整計劃,借款國只有同意并接受該調整計劃,才能獲得貸款資格。緊縮的貨幣政策與財政政策同時使用,往往還會引起經(jīng)濟的衰退。
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