【正文】 為了方便解決操作中的問題，須在流程中適當位置設置必要的儀表，以及時獲取壓力、溫度等各項參數。在確定精餾塔生產能力受限制的因素中，查找再沸器故障是最費力的問題，精餾塔大多數都采用水蒸氣進行再沸。 提升管中的團狀流動提升管中的團狀流動是精餾塔運行不穩(wěn)定的問題，可能是由于垂直管線中不平穩(wěn)的氣液混合流引起的。在精餾操作中，提高回流比，可以提高產品的質量，但回流比過大，塔內的內循環(huán)量增加，增加能耗。加料量過低，塔的平衡操作不好維持，蒸汽速度減小，塔板容易漏液，精餾效率較低。在平衡操作中，釜溫突然升高，來不及調整相應的壓力和溫度時，必然導致塔釜液被蒸空，壓力升高。蒸汽從塔底進入，與下降液進行逆流接觸，兩相接觸中，下降液中的易揮發(fā)（低沸點）組分不斷地向蒸汽中轉移，蒸汽中的難揮發(fā)（高沸點）組分不斷地向下降液中轉移。(2)pact,small footprint,high heat transfer coefficient。(3)of the shell can not be mechanically cleaned,not suitable for hightower reactor,heat transfer medium viscosity,or dirty。蒸汽愈接近塔頂，其易揮發(fā)組分濃度愈高，而下降液愈接近塔底，其難揮發(fā)組分愈富集，達到組分分離的目的。這時，塔內氣、液相組成變化很大，重組份容易被蒸到塔頂，使塔頂產品不合格。在低負荷操作時，可適當增大回流比，使塔在負荷下限之上操作，以維持塔的操作正常穩(wěn)定?；亓鞅葴p少時，塔內氣液接觸不好，使平衡受到破壞，因而傳質效率下降?；亓鞴薇桓呒苡诶淠鞯纳戏?，由冷凝器排出的物流是氣液兩相混合物，冷凝器與回流罐之間的那段管線被稱為提升管。；；。另外，常在特定地方設置人孔和手孔，以便定期的檢測維修。為避免此類事情的發(fā)生，操作人員應該做到以下幾點：板式塔精餾過程必須在適當的位置設置一定數量不同容積的原料儲罐、泵和各種換熱器，已暫時儲存，運輸和預熱（冷卻）所用原料，從而保障裝置能連續(xù)穩(wěn)定的運行。立式熱虹吸式再沸器的特點有：（1）循環(huán)推動力：釜液和換熱器傳熱管氣液混合物的密度差；（2）結構緊湊、占地面積小、傳熱系數高；（3）殼程不能機械清洗，不適宜高粘度、或臟的傳熱介質；（4）塔釜提供氣液分離空間和緩沖區(qū)?；亓鞯乃客ㄟ^塔頂的氣相管路又直接流回到回流罐。同時，操作溫度、回流量和操作壓力都須相應地調整，才能保證精餾操作的穩(wěn)定性。 加料量及組份的變化加料量的變化直接影響蒸汽量的改變，后者的增大會產生夾帶，甚至液泛。如果塔釜排出物為產品，則可提高產品質量，但塔頂排出的易揮發(fā)組分中夾帶的難揮發(fā)組分增多，從而增大損失。根據操作方式又分為連續(xù)精餾塔與間歇精餾塔。(3)Increase the reflux ratio on the bottom of the column temperature,flow or reboiler load does not have any impact,if the reflux ratio to the heat balance and material balance of 20% to 30%,while the tower did not change significantly,then the tower must be pletely full of amount of returning tower direct stream gas pipeline through the top of the tower back to the reflux tank. Slug flows in the riserSlug flow in the riser is a distillation column running unstable,may be caused due to an unstable gasliquid mixture flow in the vertical tank is elevated at the of the condenser by the condenser discharge logistics is that part of the pipeline between the gasliquid twophase mixture,the condenser and reflux tank is called the a liquid column in the riser flow rate is too low will result in twophase separation,the distillation column to produce a back pressure,this liquid column intermittently be introduced after the riser,back pressure will weaken,then the risergradually being filled with liquid,such slug flow will cause the tower pressureperiodic pulse of change.Abnormal factors cause distillation column plate was washed away,condenser corrosion,clogged caondenser,not condensable gas influence condenser.Reboiler in the distillation column occupies a very important position,it used to bebottom after the vaporization of the liquid part of the back to the distillation column,two phases of the tower gasliquid contact and mass transfer to used the vertical thermal siphon reboiler,which is a vertical placement of the shell and tube heat vaporization of liquid in the bottomup tube passes through the heat exchanger,heating the heat carrier in th