【正文】 s a dark side to this storythe hard truth about the barbarity of poaching, the cruel, sexist politics of science, and the very real danger of being a woman alone in this land of hunters. Poole39。 Report. 2. Marc Bekoff: professor in the Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology at the University of Colorado, Boulder. His book The Smile of A Dolphin: Remarkable Accounts of Animal Emotions was published by Random House/Discovery Books.3. Jaak Panksepp: (.) distinguished professor of psychobiology, Bowling Green State University, one of the leading theorists and researchers in the areas of biochemistry and autism. Much of his work has focused on studying the brain mechanisms of emotionality and developing animal models of autism and other childhood disorders. His research on betaendorphins and naltrexone is a major contribution to both understanding and treating individuals with autism. His past work in hypothalamic mechanisms of energy balance control was supported by a NIMH Research Scientist Development Award. He is author of over 200 scientific articles which deal with basic physiological mechanisms of motivated behavior. He is coeditor of the multivolume Handbook of the Hypothalamus and of Emotions and Psychopathology. He is current editor of the series Advances in Biological Psychiatry, and his text on Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions, appeared from Oxford University Press. His general research orientation is that a detailed understanding of basic emotional systems at the neural level will highlight the basic sources of human values and the nature and genesis of emotional disorders in humans. He has helped develop the controversial opioidantagonist therapy for autistic children based on his preclinical investigations into brain circuits which control social behaviors and is pursuing new therapies for the treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD).His present research is devoted to the analysis of the neuroanatomical and neurochemical mechanisms of emotional behaviors (in the emerging field of affective neuroscience), with a focus on understanding how separation responses, social bonding, social play, fear, anticipatory processes, and drug craving are organized in the brain, especially with reference to psychiatric disorders. 4. Affective Neuroscience — The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions: (1998, New York: Oxford University Press) This book explains how we can move toward an understanding of emotions by examining how the neurobiology and neurochemistry of the mammalian brain shape the psychological experience of emotion. It includes chapters on sleep and arousal, pleasure and pain systems in the brain, the sources of rage and anger, and the neural control of sexuality.5. The Smile of a Dolphin: Remarkable Accounts of Animal Emotions, edited by Marc Bekoff, published by Discovery Books, New York, October 2000. Marc Bekoff, a professor of organismic biology at the University of Colorado, is a prolific author and editor. In Smile of a Dolphin, he has struck a groundbreaking collaboration with Discovery Books, which has provided his book with the most magnificent illustrations of an enormous variety of animal emotions — actually 120 in number. He has categorized these under the headings of Love, followed by Fear, Aggression and Anger, then Joy and Grief and, finally, Fellow Feelings — a strikingly similar series of categories to that of Charles Darwin39。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，貝科夫就希望對(duì)動(dòng)物的感情了解更多能促使人類在對(duì)待動(dòng)物（不論是在動(dòng)物園和馬戲團(tuán)還是在農(nóng)場(chǎng)和后院）上有更嚴(yán)厲的規(guī)定?！?威斯康星大學(xué)麥迪遜分校的神經(jīng)科學(xué)家理查德卡特由此得出結(jié)論認(rèn)為，雌雄田鼠之間親密關(guān)系的形成至少部分原因是催產(chǎn)素，這種激素可以導(dǎo)致田鼠做出與“墜入愛(ài)河”的人非常相似的舉動(dòng)。 。他又補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，除恐懼外，“有證據(jù)表明，扁桃核與其他情感也有關(guān)系，但是這些證據(jù)不像證明扁桃核與恐懼有關(guān)的證據(jù)那樣明確?？茖W(xué)家在到目前為止對(duì)動(dòng)物（包括人類）的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，情感看起來(lái)好像是在大腦一些較為“古老”的區(qū)域中產(chǎn)生的，這些區(qū)域位于大腦皮層以下，它們?cè)谠S多物種的進(jìn)化過(guò)程中都得以保存下來(lái)。一生只有一個(gè)配偶的天鵝失去配偶時(shí)，會(huì)沮喪地垂著頭和身體。靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物學(xué)家簡(jiǎn)該書的編輯貝科夫認(rèn)為，這本書最終會(huì)使動(dòng)物情感的研究變得“合法”。格林大學(xué)神經(jīng)學(xué)學(xué)家雅克恐懼及其可以預(yù)見(jiàn)的逃跑、搏斗或者呆住不動(dòng)的反應(yīng)，是逃避食肉動(dòng)物和其他危險(xiǎn)所必需的，它看起來(lái)好像是許多動(dòng)物與生俱來(lái)的本領(lǐng)。正如科羅拉多大學(xué)的生物學(xué)家馬克弗洛的兒子弗林特第二天一整天都坐在母親的尸體旁邊，有時(shí)還會(huì)抓住她的手發(fā)出幾聲嗚咽。坦利 非常的開(kāi)心。The new case for animal emotions es in part from the growing acceptability of field observations, particularly when they are taken in aggregate. The latest contribution to this body of knowledge is a new book, The Smile of a Dolphin, which presents personal reports from more than 50 researchers who have spent their careers studying animals — from cats, dogs, bears, and chimps to birds, iguanas, and fish. Edited by Bekoff, who says it will finally “l(fā)egitimize” research on animal emotions, the volume has already garnered scientific attention, including a Smithsonian Institution symposium on the subject. 9.“完婚”之后，兩頭露脊鯨并排在水中徜徉，它們用鰭肢相互撫摩，最后又一起在水中滾動(dòng)，看上去就像在互相擁抱。最近在動(dòng)物行為學(xué)和神經(jīng)生物學(xué)之類的邊緣學(xué)科的研究證實(shí)了這種普遍看法。但是動(dòng)物情感論的積極倡導(dǎo)者貝科夫指出，如今面對(duì)越來(lái)越多的相反證據(jù)，“這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的潮流正在根本性地迅速轉(zhuǎn)向”?！弊鳛閷?duì)叢林狼、狐貍及其他犬科動(dòng)物進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)達(dá)30年實(shí)地研究的科學(xué)家，貝科夫還認(rèn)為自己可以通過(guò)觀察這些動(dòng)物的行為準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)出他們的感受?！?，部分原因是有越來(lái)越多的人愿意接受研究人員取得的實(shí)地觀察結(jié)果，特別是當(dāng)從總體角度看待這些結(jié)果時(shí)。，所有幼小的哺乳動(dòng)物和某些鳥類都會(huì)嬉戲玩耍，正如很多種類的成年動(dòng)物一樣，包括人類也是如此。他還說(shuō)：“玩耍的動(dòng)物是無(wú)拘無(wú)束生活快樂(lè)的象征。普爾從1976年以來(lái)就研究非洲大象，他說(shuō)，這些動(dòng)物對(duì)待死去的動(dòng)物的行為“讓我?guī)缀鹾敛粦岩傻卣J(rèn)為，它們體驗(yàn)著深切的感情并對(duì)死亡有所理解。與實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠一樣，由于意外事故或疾病而導(dǎo)致扁桃核受損的人似乎在面對(duì)危險(xiǎn)時(shí)也無(wú)法感到恐懼。一星期后，他又把一只實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠單獨(dú)放在“房子”里，期待著馬上就可以再好好地玩上一段時(shí)間的實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠變得“非常活躍，它不斷地發(fā)出叫聲并且興奮地來(lái)回跑動(dòng)”?？ㄌ剡x擇了草原田鼠作為她的研究對(duì)象，因?yàn)椴菰锸笫侨藗円阎膶?shí)行“一夫一妻制”的為數(shù)不多的幾種哺乳動(dòng)物之一。《情感大腦》一書的作者，神經(jīng)科學(xué)家勒杜指出：“鯨也許會(huì)做出好像他們正在戀愛(ài)的舉動(dòng)，但是你無(wú)法證明它的內(nèi)心感受，即使鯨有這種感受的話。神經(jīng)科學(xué)家西維根據(jù)人腦與其他動(dòng)物大腦在解剖結(jié)構(gòu)和化學(xué)構(gòu)成方面存在的相似之處提出了這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題：“如果你認(rèn)為生物可以通過(guò)自然選擇不斷進(jìn)化，那你怎么能夠相信人類在進(jìn)化的過(guò)程中其情感是突如其來(lái)的呢？”古多爾認(rèn)為，那些先通過(guò)動(dòng)物來(lái)研究人類的大腦，然后又否認(rèn)動(dòng)物有感情的科學(xué)家的想法是“不合邏輯的”。但即使是非常熱衷于動(dòng)物情感的人，也不會(huì)把情感與處于食物鏈最末端的生物聯(lián)系起來(lái)。 and the elephants convinced her of their great intelligence. Her intensive involvement with these majestic creatures revealed that they are selfaware, startlingly empathic beings. Poole describes her pioneering work in establishing that, like their Asian cousins, African male elephants experience musth, and that elephants municate in lowlevel vibrations that humans cannot hear. Those discoveries are fascinating, and Poole39。s research program is a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the physiological factors mediating mammalian behavior. Emphasis