【正文】 （英語I wonder what they use today里的they到了漢語里，被“隱含”了，因為，前邊說過They，再提到時就不重復(fù)說“他們”了。例1．在播種面積相對穩(wěn)定的前提下，只要1996——2010年糧食單產(chǎn)年均遞增1%， 2010——%, 就可以達(dá)到預(yù)期的糧食總產(chǎn)量目標(biāo)。例4. （選自《新概念英語》第四冊第34課）Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how much belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility, and how much this faith means to a child.本句里的劃線部分的意思都是“信任”。）（英語如妖艷的貴婦人，打扮精細(xì)到每一個細(xì)節(jié)，漢語像內(nèi)涵深刻、言簡意賅、神閑氣靜的博學(xué)之士，不必事事言出。這就要求在寫英語句子的時候，必須把漢語里“隱含”的連接詞明示出來。）例19．……setting aside big tracts of land where nobody can fish, shoot, hunt, nor harm a single living creature with furs, fins or feathers.……圈出大片土地，不準(zhǔn)釣魚，不準(zhǔn)打鳥，不準(zhǔn)打獵，凡是長皮毛的或者長鰭的動物，一概不許傷害。(英語里只說一次remember，漢語說了三次“記得”)例15．臘月二十三灶王爺上天，后臺封上戲箱，要等到年初一開戲。 China also exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction over the vast continental shelves and exclusive economic zones ( EEZs)，as defined by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. （as代替了前邊整個一句。The drillers go to another if they are disappointed at one place,…（一般實詞出現(xiàn)在主句子里，代詞出現(xiàn)在從句里）例2．In his book Principles and Implications of Cognitive Psychology, Neisser defines listening as a “temporally extended activity”… 在他的《認(rèn)知心里學(xué)的原理與意義》一書里，納賽爾將“聽”定義為“暫時延長了的行為”…例3．好萊塢從以存在外星生命形式的假想為基礎(chǔ)拍攝的電影中掙到了很多錢；現(xiàn)在，阿米爾?阿克澤爾也開始著手證明外星生命確實存在了。被動語態(tài)是英語一個重要的外顯形態(tài)。例5．The pedestrian, after another pace or two, halted, and turned ，站住了腳，轉(zhuǎn)過身來。A horse is a useful animal.The horse is a useful animal.Horses are useful animals.2）英語動詞有人稱、時態(tài)的變化，而在漢語里也都被“隱含”了，就是說從漢語的動詞里，看不出動作實施者的數(shù)量和動作的時間，而英語卻要通過為動詞增加內(nèi)部屈折詞綴（如s、es、ed、ing）來表示動作的單復(fù)數(shù)和時間。從這個道理上講“同意者舉手！”可以翻譯為：1．Those who agree please signify by raising their hands.2．People who agree please raise your hands.3．If you agree, please raise your hands4. He who agrees please raise his hand.5. Agree, hands up!上述譯文，似乎哪一個都對應(yīng)“同意者舉手！”這句話。這說明漢語的重概括和抽象，英語重具體和形式。這種形合特征是西方民族“形式邏輯”式思維方式的必然結(jié)果和客觀反映。 2）漢語意重于模糊思維，英語重于邏輯思維。英語的譯文通過had和 was wearing兩個詞彌補了漢語的模糊意思。這樣的譯文，沒有錯誤，但是顯然局限于漢語的思維和語法結(jié)構(gòu)，沒有按照英語的思維習(xí)慣和語法結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯。例如：“我的文章就像一個丑八怪，不打扮，看上去還順眼”。讀者以此可意會句間的各種關(guān)系，因此連接詞基本不用。所謂形合：詞與句子的組合通過一定的外顯形態(tài)標(biāo)記來表現(xiàn)，連接詞用得多，詞本身有具有性、數(shù)、格的屈折變化。這樣，就形成了倒三角形的漢語結(jié)構(gòu)。英語的主語和表語實際是同一個性質(zhì)的東西?！八莻€窮光蛋”，這個漢語句子，任何中國人都聽得懂。4）第四層次——語法+結(jié)構(gòu)+邏輯+文化語法、結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯都不錯的句子，仍然未必是好句子。或：With air conditioning and TV，the long distance busesthat connect all the countries in the region are very fortable例4．Rather than a particular method, the success of science has more to do with an attitude mon to scientists.The success of science has more to do with an attitude rather than a particular method mon to scientists.本句較難。實際是只有外國專家獲獎。Sitting between Wuhan and Zhengzhou, two provincial capital cities in Central China’s Hubei and Henan provinces, with the former to the south and the latter to the north, and with the BeijingGuangzhou, BeijingKowloon and NanjingXi’an railways, the State Highways No. 106, No. 107, and No. 312, and the State Expressways BeijingZhuhai, ShanghaiXi’an and DaqingGuangzhou traversing and crisscrossing here, Xinyang City enjoys an ideal and convenient network of munications and is within easy access from all directions.3）第三層次——語法+結(jié)構(gòu)+邏輯語法、結(jié)構(gòu)上都沒有錯誤的句子，也未必是好的句子，有時問題可能還更嚴(yán)重。例3．Unfortunately, they are the ones the organization can least affort to lose—those with the highest skills and experience. 本句里，those with the highest skills and experience是they的同位語。更正：I am sorry that I cannot return the books in time. borrowed some books from the school library on last Monday.分析：on是多余的。attend to go to college or university里的attend和go to college意思重疊。 第二章 認(rèn)識英語與漢語的區(qū)別 什么是“倒金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)”長期的英語應(yīng)用和教學(xué)中，我總結(jié)出了英語在句子層面上的檔次——英語句子的“倒金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)”： 第四層次: 語法 + 結(jié)構(gòu) + 邏輯 + 文化第三層次: 語法 + 結(jié)構(gòu) + 邏輯 第二層次: 語法 + 結(jié)構(gòu)第一層次: 語法這種“倒金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)”，正是英語學(xué)習(xí)者要爬的臺階或努力的方向。各位可以任意轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)。倡導(dǎo)用“鐵人精神”學(xué)習(xí)技藝，主張“系統(tǒng)、扎實、認(rèn)真”的學(xué)風(fēng)和教風(fēng)。但是，靠讀者或考官猜測你的意思可不行，你要自己寫清楚。更正：There are many other reasons that can support my point.例7．The people who have been worked for several years…分析：被動語態(tài)用錯了。把an opportunity to think more deeply about their profession移到后邊以后，可以清晰地看出to pause from a busy schedule and scientific conversations是give them a rare chance的目的狀語。s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such agerelated diseases as cancer by damaging cells. For a long time in the past, even scientists were so puzzled at the phenomenon that it was called a “magic mirror”. Today, reproductions of this mirror are being made and sold as souvenirs and they appealed very much to foreign tourists. 如果把 and they 改為which，是否更好呢？Without a steady supply of fresh blood, without the oxygen it carries, the human brain is quickly impared. 句首堆砌了兩個狀語，不好。第二句里，語法和結(jié)構(gòu)一點錯誤沒有，但是the girl’s name standing at the gate卻等于the girl’s name that stands at the gate，句子意思成了“女孩的名字站在門口”了。但是，問題是air conditioning and TV后邊有跟了一個定語從句，這樣，會把句子誤解為“連接著該地區(qū)的空調(diào)和電視”，脫離了句子的本意。相比而言，第二個句子更好，rather than a particular method mon to scientists緊跟在attitude后邊。第二句僅僅是達(dá)意而已。英語比較注重句子的外形結(jié)構(gòu)。 Given a relatively stable sown area and if the annual average increase rate of per unit area yield is one percent from 1996 to 2010 and percent from 2011 to 2030, China can achieve its desired total grain output target。有人稱這是英語與漢語的“異質(zhì)性特征”。這種思維習(xí)慣經(jīng)歷幾千年的沉積、凝煉和升華，使?jié)h語民族在思維上形成了善于綜合、善于提綱挈領(lǐng)、以綱統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全局的“綜合性”思維優(yōu)勢。中國古代漢語沒有標(biāo)點、句子成分關(guān)系模糊、通假字廣泛使用又從另一個側(cè)面說明了漢語的“整體性”。就是說，漢語沒有連接詞，而英語必須有。其意思必定是說“身上穿者烏裙，藍(lán)夾襖，月白背心”。譯文中加上in these basins就彌補了漢語的邏輯缺陷。邏輯“聯(lián)結(jié)詞”與語言中表述邏輯的關(guān)聯(lián)詞或連接詞存在著對應(yīng)關(guān)系?！榜R”的數(shù)量、性別、都包含在句子里，說話的人彼此心里一定明白，不需要（漢語里也沒有）在“馬”后邊加復(fù)數(shù)形式（例如 “馬們”）。當(dāng)然，它也是一種選擇，是一種聰明的變化—句式的變化，是英語功底的體現(xiàn)。state enterprise也是同樣道理。一種是過分地懷念過去。例1．他不是那塊料。例如：例1．Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao delivers a report on the work of the government to the Fourth Session of the Tenth National Peopl’s Congress (NPC) of China at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing March 5, 2006.（中國政府官方網(wǎng)站2006年3月5日）例2．Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holborn Bar on 18 June 1764.7）英語一般不重復(fù)，代稱用得多，不但名詞可以用代詞來替代，動詞、形容詞、副詞和整個句子都可以有相應(yīng)的詞來替代。科羅拉多也下雨。