【正文】 9月11日第一版的頭條新聞：“借節(jié)日漲價(jià)引發(fā)搶購(gòu)將嚴(yán)懲”這樣的句子，只有靠讀者自己意會(huì)了，學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)的外國(guó)人一定看不懂。邏輯“聯(lián)結(jié)詞”與語(yǔ)言中表述邏輯的關(guān)聯(lián)詞或連接詞存在著對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。模糊性思維在語(yǔ)言表述上多傾向于采用“非邏輯化”的方式。譯文中加上in these basins就彌補(bǔ)了漢語(yǔ)的邏輯缺陷。）再如：中國(guó)海域有30多個(gè)沉積盆地，面積近70萬(wàn)平方公里，石油資源約250億噸。其意思必定是說(shuō)“身上穿者烏裙，藍(lán)夾襖，月白背心”。如果總是這樣沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤的翻譯，那么，你的翻譯就永遠(yuǎn)上不了檔次。就是說(shuō)，漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有連接詞，而英語(yǔ)必須有。這句話，邏輯關(guān)系（表面上看）不清楚，句子散、短，有點(diǎn)像“眉毛胡子一把抓”。中國(guó)古代漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有標(biāo)點(diǎn)、句子成分關(guān)系模糊、通假字廣泛使用又從另一個(gè)側(cè)面說(shuō)明了漢語(yǔ)的“整體性”。在分析考察事物時(shí)，西方人長(zhǎng)于把細(xì)分被考察對(duì)象，擅長(zhǎng)分析性思維，自然學(xué)科如此，人文、繪畫等學(xué)科同樣如此，其實(shí)質(zhì)在于突出和強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體。這種思維習(xí)慣經(jīng)歷幾千年的沉積、凝煉和升華，使?jié)h語(yǔ)民族在思維上形成了善于綜合、善于提綱挈領(lǐng)、以綱統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全局的“綜合性”思維優(yōu)勢(shì)。因此，I yesterday morning go to school study（我昨天早晨去學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)），就不是英語(yǔ)，因?yàn)樗鼪](méi)有“形態(tài)”的變化，只是單詞的堆砌。有人稱這是英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)的“異質(zhì)性特征”。但是，翻譯成英語(yǔ)，卻不能這樣，因此，第一個(gè)英語(yǔ)句子不符合英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣。 Given a relatively stable sown area and if the annual average increase rate of per unit area yield is one percent from 1996 to 2010 and percent from 2011 to 2030, China can achieve its desired total grain output target。例如“他是張三”，就等于“張三是他”。英語(yǔ)比較注重句子的外形結(jié)構(gòu)?！癏e is as poor as a church mouse”，也是任何一個(gè)外國(guó)人都能看懂的。第二句僅僅是達(dá)意而已。寫英語(yǔ)是為了給外國(guó)人看的，雅思作文更是如此。相比而言，第二個(gè)句子更好，rather than a particular method mon to scientists緊跟在attitude后邊。句子的原意是“科學(xué)的成功與其說(shuō)與科學(xué)家常用的某種具體方法有關(guān)，倒不如說(shuō)與一種態(tài)度有關(guān)”。但是，問(wèn)題是air conditioning and TV后邊有跟了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，這樣，會(huì)把句子誤解為“連接著該地區(qū)的空調(diào)和電視”，脫離了句子的本意。因此，第一句的譯文是對(duì)的。第二句里，語(yǔ)法和結(jié)構(gòu)一點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤沒(méi)有，但是the girl’s name standing at the gate卻等于the girl’s name that stands at the gate，句子意思成了“女孩的名字站在門口”了。比較下列例子。s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such agerelated diseases as cancer by damaging cells. For a long time in the past, even scientists were so puzzled at the phenomenon that it was called a “magic mirror”. Today, reproductions of this mirror are being made and sold as souvenirs and they appealed very much to foreign tourists. 如果把 and they 改為which，是否更好呢？Without a steady supply of fresh blood, without the oxygen it carries, the human brain is quickly impared. 句首堆砌了兩個(gè)狀語(yǔ)，不好。本句可以改為：Unfortunately, they—those with the highest skills and experience—are the ones the organization can least affort to lose. 但是這樣的句子，不會(huì)被英國(guó)人接受的。把a(bǔ)n opportunity to think more deeply about their profession移到后邊以后，可以清晰地看出to pause from a busy schedule and scientific conversations是give them a rare chance的目的狀語(yǔ)。更正：I borrowed some books from the school library last Monday.2）第二層次——語(yǔ)法+結(jié)構(gòu) 語(yǔ)法上正確的句子，未必是好的句子，有時(shí)可能問(wèn)題更嚴(yán)重。更正：There are many other reasons that can support my point.例7．The people who have been worked for several years…分析：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用錯(cuò)了。更正：According to statistics, more and more students, after graduating from high school, attend colleges and universities.例3．…in campus we can make a lot of new friends which is as important as learning knowledge. 分析：作者不會(huì)使用非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。但是，靠讀者或考官猜測(cè)你的意思可不行，你要自己寫清楚?！暗菇鹱炙Y(jié)構(gòu)”各層次內(nèi)涵1）第一層次——語(yǔ)法它要求，你寫出的句子至少應(yīng)該沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，否則，你就不具有基本的表達(dá)能力。倡導(dǎo)用“鐵人精神”學(xué)習(xí)技藝，主張“系統(tǒng)、扎實(shí)、認(rèn)真”的學(xué)風(fēng)和教風(fēng)。）龔學(xué)眾，資深翻譯、中國(guó)翻譯協(xié)會(huì)“專家會(huì)員”、資深留學(xué)文書撰稿人、資深英語(yǔ)全科教學(xué)專家、“鐵人教育工作室”法人代表。各位可以任意轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)。先后擔(dān)任2010/2011/2012/2013年度“中央電視臺(tái)英語(yǔ)演講風(fēng)采大賽”評(píng)委。 第二章 認(rèn)識(shí)英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 什么是“倒金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)”長(zhǎng)期的英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用和教學(xué)中，我總結(jié)出了英語(yǔ)在句子層面上的檔次——英語(yǔ)句子的“倒金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)”： 第四層次: 語(yǔ)法 + 結(jié)構(gòu) + 邏輯 + 文化第三層次: 語(yǔ)法 + 結(jié)構(gòu) + 邏輯 第二層次: 語(yǔ)法 + 結(jié)構(gòu)第一層次: 語(yǔ)法這種“倒金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)”，正是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者要爬的臺(tái)階或努力的方向。它的前面有opinion、attitudes和number of people，it指的是哪一個(gè)呢？看句子的意思，猜測(cè)it指的是study abroad。attend to go to college or university里的attend和go to college意思重疊。 更正：People will have some good experience which will help them a lot in their life…例6．There are many other reasons can support my point 分析：劃線部分是謂語(yǔ)重疊。更正：I am sorry that I cannot return the books in time. borrowed some books from the school library on last Monday.分析：on是多余的。這樣寫，會(huì)讓人誤以為to pause from a busy schedule and scientific conversations是profession 的后置定語(yǔ)。例3．Unfortunately, they are the ones the organization can least affort to lose—those with the highest skills and experience. 本句里，those with the highest skills and experience是they的同位語(yǔ)。例5．We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years. 本句等于We hail the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere as masterpieces, dating back some 20,000 years.One possibility relates to the ATPmaking machinery39。Sitting between Wuhan and Zhengzhou, two provincial capital cities in Central China’s Hubei and Henan provinces, with the former to the south and the latter to the north, and with the BeijingGuangzhou, BeijingKowloon and NanjingXi’an railways, the State Highways No. 106, No. 107, and No. 312, and the State Expressways BeijingZhuhai, ShanghaiXi’an and DaqingGuangzhou traversing and crisscrossing here, Xinyang City enjoys an ideal and convenient network of munications and is within easy access from all directions.3）第三層次——語(yǔ)法+結(jié)構(gòu)+邏輯語(yǔ)法、結(jié)構(gòu)上都沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤的句子，也未必是好的句子，有時(shí)問(wèn)題可能還更嚴(yán)重。由于邏輯主語(yǔ)與分詞的關(guān)系很清楚——?jiǎng)幼鞯氖┦陉P(guān)系很明顯，不會(huì)有任何誤解。實(shí)際是只有外國(guó)專家獲獎(jiǎng)。The long distance buses with air conditioning and TV that connect all the countries in the region are very fortable. 本句里，with air conditioning and TV是buses的后置定語(yǔ)。或：With air conditioning and TV，the long distance busesthat connect all the countries in the region are very fortable例4．Rather than a particular method, the success of science has more to do with an attitude mon to scientists.The success of science has more to do with an attitude rather than a particular method mon to scientists.本句較難。顯然，這種理解不是句子的本意。4）第四層次——語(yǔ)法+結(jié)構(gòu)+邏輯+文化語(yǔ)法、結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯都不錯(cuò)的句子，仍然未必是好句子。He is a poor bright egg.He is a poor man.He is as poor as a church mouse.第一句顯然是胡謅?！八莻€(gè)窮光蛋”，這個(gè)漢語(yǔ)句子，任何中國(guó)人都聽得懂。For a period of time in the future, the basic posture of the international situation will be overall peace and localized war, overall easing and localized tension, overall stability and localized turbulence.For a period of time in the future, overall peace and localized war, overall easing and localized tension, overall stability and localized turbulence will be the basic posture of the international situation 本句漢語(yǔ)的翻譯方法，涉及到句子的習(xí)慣。英語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)實(shí)際是同一個(gè)性質(zhì)的東西。例3．播種面積相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的前提下，只要1996——2010年糧食單產(chǎn)年均遞增1%， 2010——%, 就可以達(dá)到預(yù)期的糧食總產(chǎn)量目標(biāo)。這樣，就形成了倒三角形的漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。漢語(yǔ)屬表意文字（ideograph），重意合（parataxis）；英語(yǔ)屬表音文字（phoneme），重形合（hyp