【正文】 Target None required 47 After the FMEA In production processes, much of the automotive industry requires us to use the FMEA to construct a Control Plan The control plan is designed to answer the question: ?Now that we’ve identified and assessed the risks, what do we do to ensure that we mitigate the risks and protect our customer? ?Where required by our customers: ? The FMEA cannot be modified without examining the control plan for associated changes. ? Under no circumstances can a GB or BB project modify a production process without a reexamination of the FMEA. INSTRUCTOR NOTES: Introduce Control Plan Ask students if any have used in past. 48 Tasks amp。 Effect Diagram (Fishbone) Affinity Diagram Tree Diagram Prioritization Matrix 12 Displaying Stratified Data When it es to displaying stratified data, the data points will usually be coded to visually separate the groups. Most often, the coding is acplished by using ? Different labels, colors or symbols ? Different plots sidebyside 1 2 3 4 5 6 Count 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Minutes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Location A Location B Location C Time to Complete Lubes (all locations) In later modules, you’ll learn how to analyze stratified data. Here is one example: 13 Population vs. Process A Population ?Situation: You can operationally define the boundaries of an existing (whole) group so that each unit in the group can be identified and, theoretically, numbered. ?Sampling Purpose: To describe characteristics of that group. ?Example: University alumni (as of Aug 31st) are sampled to determine what percentage will send at least one child to college within the next two years. Use the sample to draw inferences about the whole group: ., Average = X, Proportion = p Sample 14 Representative Samples For conclusions to be valid, samples must be representative. ?Data should fairly represent the population or process ?No systematic differences should exist between the data you collect and the data you don’t collect 15 Sampling Approaches Random Sampling Stratified Random Sampling S a m p leP o p u la t i o nEach unit has the same chance of being selected Randomly sample a proportionate number from each group AABBBBCDDD Population Sample C A B D A A A C D D D D D B B B B B B B 16 Sampling Approaches Sample Population or Process Preserve time order Sample Process 9:00 9:30 10:30 10:00 Preserve time order Systematic Sampling Subgroup Sampling Sample every nth one (., every 3rd) Sample n units every tth time (., 3 units every hour)。 calculate the mean (proportion ) for each subgroup 17 Types of Variation ?Special Cause: something different happening at a certain time or place ?Common Cause: always present to some degree in the process 18 Process Capability Statistics Mean Standard Deviation Specification Cp amp。 Timeline Planning — Tools Tree diagrams Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Step Due Date Respon sibility Product Step Whom to Involve Budget/ Cost Other Topics Step Number Sales Technical Shipping Coordinator Gantt Charts Planning Grids Flowcharts INSTRUCTOR NOTES: Briefly introduce each tool. Tools are addressed in detail on subsequent slides. 49 Tree Diagram Uses ?To map out the means/actions that will let you acplish your overall goal ?Helps you divide a large task into manageable pieces Objective Means/Objective Means Means Means Means Means/Objective Means Means Means Means Means/Objective Means Means Means Means Means/Objective Means Means Means Means Means/Objective Means/Objective Development of Means Confirmation of Objectives Wishes and Purposes Methods and Activities INSTRUCTOR NOTES: Discuss the two uses of the Tree Diagram in implementation planning. 50 Five Influence Strategies Ability to simply to tell the stakeholder to support your efforts. Ability to convince the stakeholder to support your project. Involvement in designing or implementing the change. Ability to offer an exchange for their agreement and or support of your project. Ability to appeal to the stakeholder’s ideals or higher values. Reward and Punishment Assertive Persuasion Participation and Trust Negotiation Creating a mon vision INSTRUCTOR NOTES: Discuss the five Influence Strategies (address both direct and indirect influencing) 51 Requirements for Results Mindset Tools Knowledge/Skills Actions Results INSTRUCTOR NOTES: Have the students discuss why the three items in the left column are critical to success. 52 IMPROVE CONTROL 53 Core Principle Nothing happens on a reliable, sustained basis unless we build a system to cause it to happen on a reliable, sustained basis. Standardization is what allows high quality to happen on a reliable, sustained basis. 54 Benefits of Standardization Standardization helps us pete more successfully in the marketplace by providing: ?Increased reliability ?Reduced costs ?Improved employee performance ?Increased safety ?Processes that remain in control ?Continuous improvement ?Flexible practices that allow for quick response to customer needs Customer Satisfaction amp。 SPC control Detection 1 RPN