【正文】
s new deal, imposed a five percent excise tax on dividend receipts, imposed a capital stock tax and an excess profits tax, and suspended all deductions for losses (June 16, 1933, ch. 90, 48 Stat. 195). The repeal in 1933 of the eighteenth amendment, which had prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol, brought in an estimated $90 million in new liquor taxes in 1934. The social security act of 1935 provided for a wage tax, half to be paid by the employee and half by the employer, to establish a federal retirement fund (Old Age Pension Act, Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620). The Wealth Tax Act, also known as the Revenue Act of 1935, increased the maximum tax rate to 79 percent, the Revenue Acts of 1940 and 1941 increased it to 81 percent, the Revenue Act of 1942 raised it to 88 percent, and the Individual Ine Tax Act of 1944 raised the individual maximum rate to 94 percent. The postWorld War II Revenue Act of 1945 reduced the individual maximum tax from 94 percent to 91 percent. The Revenue Act of 1950, during the korean war, reduced it to percent, but it was raised the next year to 92 percent (Revenue Act of 1950, Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 994, Stat. 906). It remained at this level until 1964, when it was reduced to 70 percent. The Revenue Act of 1954 revised the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, making major changes that were beneficial to the 15 taxpayer, including providing for child care deductions (later changed to credits), an increase in the charitable contribution limit, a tax credit against taxable retirement ine, employee deductions for business expenses, and liberalized depreciation deductions. From 1954 to 1962, the Internal Revenue Code was amended by 183 separate acts. In 1974 the employee retirement ine security act (ERISA) created protections for employees whose employers promised specified pensions or other retirement contributions (Pub. L. No. 93406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 829). ERISA required that to be tax deductible, the employer39。 總之 ,工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)模式是真正和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制相適應(yīng)的一種投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)模式 ,也是社會(huì)在不久后的必然趨勢(shì) .工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)模式真正貫徹了國(guó)家當(dāng)前工程造價(jià)體制改革“控制量、指導(dǎo)價(jià)、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)費(fèi)”的原則 ,實(shí)現(xiàn)了“在國(guó)家宏觀控制下 ,以市場(chǎng)形成價(jià)格為主的價(jià)格機(jī)制”的工程造價(jià)改革目標(biāo) .從而為建筑市場(chǎng)步入國(guó)際化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、規(guī)范化、簡(jiǎn)約化奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。 10 投標(biāo)人必須對(duì)招標(biāo)文件的要求作出實(shí)質(zhì)響應(yīng),符合招標(biāo)文件的所有條款、條件和規(guī)定且無(wú)重大偏離與保留,在工程量清單低價(jià)中 標(biāo)的模式下,為獲得中標(biāo)且經(jīng)濟(jì)效益最大化,有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的投標(biāo)人積累了大量投標(biāo)策略和報(bào)價(jià)技巧,不平衡報(bào)價(jià)作為一種投標(biāo)取勝的方式和手段,常見(jiàn)于投標(biāo)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中:( 1)按實(shí)際完成工程量或工程進(jìn)度付款的項(xiàng)目,為盡早取得盡可能多的回籠資金,投標(biāo)人會(huì)適當(dāng)提高先期施工項(xiàng)目單價(jià)。 低價(jià)策略一般適用于經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況不景氣,近期接受到的投標(biāo)邀請(qǐng)較少;競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手有威脅性;試圖打入新的地區(qū);開(kāi)拓新的工程施工類型;投標(biāo)項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)小,施工工藝簡(jiǎn)單、工程量大、社會(huì)效益好的項(xiàng)目;附近有本企業(yè)其他正在施工的項(xiàng)目等情況。 當(dāng)前,許多施工企業(yè)考慮到市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng),在投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)時(shí)往往不直接把利潤(rùn)體現(xiàn)在綜合單價(jià)中的綜合費(fèi)上,而是把利潤(rùn)分?jǐn)偟礁骶C合單價(jià)里面,甚至是企業(yè)管理費(fèi)也一并分?jǐn)偂? 施工企業(yè)有意向參與某一工程項(xiàng)目的投標(biāo),需要認(rèn)真分析招標(biāo)文件(包括招標(biāo)公告、投標(biāo)人須知、評(píng)標(biāo)辦法、圖紙、工程量清單、合同條款及格式以及技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和要求等),因?yàn)檎袠?biāo)文件 是施工企業(yè)制定投標(biāo)書(shū)的依據(jù),如果忽略了招標(biāo)文件的部分內(nèi)容或?qū)φ袠?biāo)文件理解錯(cuò)誤都導(dǎo)致決策的失誤。 施工企業(yè)決定是 否對(duì)某工程項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行投標(biāo),應(yīng)充分考慮企業(yè)自身狀況。投標(biāo)人要解除招標(biāo)人的疑慮就不得不告知招標(biāo)人自己的部分甚至全部真實(shí)成本構(gòu)成,以及用以支持本數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)成的企業(yè)自身專有技術(shù)、勞動(dòng)價(jià)格、材料采購(gòu)價(jià)格及付款方式、企業(yè)管理等基本情況,這些情況還要經(jīng)得起招標(biāo)人的核實(shí)。 3 2 傳統(tǒng)計(jì)價(jià)模式與工程量清單模式下投標(biāo)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀分析 我國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)計(jì)價(jià)模式是采用國(guó)家、部門(mén)或 地區(qū)統(tǒng)一規(guī)定的定額和取費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行工程造價(jià)計(jì)價(jià)的模式,通常也稱為定額計(jì)價(jià)模式。 畢業(yè)論文 論 文 題 目 工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)模式下投標(biāo)策略 分析與研究 專 業(yè) 班 級(jí) 20212216 學(xué) 生 姓 名 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 完 成 時(shí) 間 2021年 5月 20日 重慶能源職業(yè)學(xué)院 目 錄 摘 要 ................................................................................................................ 1 1 緒論 ................................................................................................................ 2 2 傳統(tǒng)計(jì)價(jià)模式與工程量清單模式下投標(biāo)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀分析 .........................