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the explanation of the tax reform act of 1986 was more than thirteen hundred pages long (Pub. L. 99514, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2085). Commerce Clearing House, a publisher of tax information, released a version of the Internal Revenue Code in the early 1990s that was four times thicker than its version in 1953. Changes to the tax laws often reflect the times. The flat tax of 1913 was later replaced with a graduated tax. After the United States entered world war i, the War Revenue Act of 1917 imposed a maximum tax rate for individuals of 67 percent, pared with a rate of 13 percent in 1916. In 1924 Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon, speaking to Congress about the high level of taxation, stated, The present system is a failure. It was an emergency measure, adopted under the pressure of war necessity and not to be counted upon as a permanent part of our revenue structure…. The high rates put pressure on taxpayers to reduce their taxable ine, tend to destroy individual initiative and enterprise, and seriously impede the development of productive business…. Ways will always be found to avoid taxes so destructive in their nature, and the only way to save the situation is to put the taxes on a reasonable basis that will permit business to go on and industry to develop. Consequently, the Revenue Act of 1924 reduced the maximum individual tax rate to 43 percent (Revenue Acts, June 2, 1924, ch. 234, 43 Stat. 253). In 1926 the rate was further reduced to 25 percent. The Revenue Act of 1932 was the first tax law passed during the Great Depression (Revenue Acts, June 6, 1932, ch. 209, 47 Stat. 169). It increased the 21 individual maximum rate from 25 to 63 percent, and reduced personal exemptions from $1,500 to $1,000 for single persons, and from $3,500 to $2,500 for married couples. The national industrial recovery act of 1933 (NIRA), part of President franklin d. roosevelt39。 四 是 加快 榆林地區(qū)中小企業(yè)內(nèi)部的 標準化 的物流體系 建設(shè) , 積極 的 推行 榆林市政府 出臺的《物流企 業(yè)分類標準和評價體系》, 從而 加強 榆林地區(qū)的 物流企業(yè) 的服務(wù) 質(zhì)量、以及 安全評價 等 工作,努力 使榆林獲得陜西省其他地區(qū)的 服務(wù)和安全認證。三是加快榆林地區(qū)信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)的平臺的建設(shè),將榆林市的物流信息提上日程,給予發(fā)展較好的物流企業(yè)一些優(yōu)惠政策,以及設(shè)當?shù)呢斦矫娴闹С终摺7e極主動的吸納和利用民間資本,大力支持市內(nèi)外民營企業(yè)參與物流園區(qū)建設(shè)。 經(jīng)濟對當?shù)匚锪鳂I(yè)發(fā)展的作用 在經(jīng)濟方面要想榆林地區(qū)物流業(yè)能快速的發(fā)展起來,經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展速度一定不能低于物流業(yè)的發(fā)展速度,否則物流業(yè)在想發(fā)展的迅速也都只能是空話,因為一個地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟是這個地區(qū)其他 行業(yè)發(fā)展的堅強后盾。 例如從事物流業(yè)運輸過程中車輛排放的環(huán)境污 染風險,交通肇事風險,危險品泄漏風險,危險品物流有泄漏的風險。加之近年來,由于國家能源短缺加劇原煤和石油價格頻繁波動,使得榆林對物流基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的投資不斷加大。 物流通道進一步完善 陜西地處于中國的腹地,是“新亞歐大陸橋”亞洲段的中心和進入中國大西北的“門戶”,具有承東啟西、溝通南北的區(qū)位和交通優(yōu)勢。整個地區(qū)的物流企業(yè)缺乏領(lǐng)導者和出眾者,新型的具有集聚性輻射的物流園區(qū)十分少,整個物流業(yè)的布局被嚴重的抑制著,這樣的現(xiàn)象最直接導 致的就是限制了榆林市物流業(yè)的健康發(fā)展。 由于缺乏科學超前的規(guī)劃和政策指導,榆林地區(qū)物流業(yè)的發(fā)展受到了直接的限制。其中 S 代表 strength(優(yōu)勢), W 代表 weakness(劣勢), O 代表 opportunity(機會), T 代表 threat(威脅),其中 S、 T 是內(nèi)部因素, O、 W 是外部因素。主要存在以 下幾個問題 一是榆林地區(qū)整體的交通運輸基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施十分陳舊,極其差,貨物的車輛運輸能力和裝載量的增長難以平衡,這一現(xiàn)象嚴重的影響了,榆林地區(qū)物流的運輸效率,而且由于該地區(qū)貨物的采購量和車輛之間的調(diào)度很不合理,這一問題導致了物流費用和流通環(huán)節(jié)的增加,從而使運輸線路出現(xiàn)了迂回,倒流和交叉,這一系列現(xiàn)象導致了一部分運輸能力的浪費,同時也加劇了該地區(qū)物流運輸?shù)木o張度。然而在經(jīng)濟發(fā)達地區(qū),低成本綠色物流已經(jīng)成為國民經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的重要支柱產(chǎn)業(yè) ,可是我國的物流業(yè)卻受到傳統(tǒng)體制影響,基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不完善,管理技術(shù)及水平,服務(wù)質(zhì)量等方面發(fā)展不均,加上新興技術(shù)應(yīng)用不足,企業(yè)對物流認知不夠等因素的限制,發(fā)展水平相對滯后,物流總體水平不高, 產(chǎn)業(yè)總體規(guī)模不大,然而隨著經(jīng)濟的飛速發(fā)展,榆林地區(qū)的 現(xiàn)代物流業(yè)逐步開始滲入到了該地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展動脈和基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)當中。然而這些 物流公司數(shù)量多、規(guī)模小,發(fā)展緩慢,運作體系分散化,物流運作模式較為傳統(tǒng),資源配置效率相對滯后于高速發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟。 關(guān)鍵字 : 物流發(fā)展;發(fā)展趨勢;物流環(huán)境;物流現(xiàn)狀;新型物流;物流政策 II Yulin area of logistics development status quo Analysis and Countermeasures Abstract: With the fast development of economy and technology, have begun to have a new improvement. According to the current development of the logistics industry in Yulin region, it is easy to see that he is a more dispersed form, inefficient logistics anization. However, the source of these problems is due to the extensive logistics operating characteristics have not fundamentally changed. Backword the logistics industry and huge inventory tying up funds, so the proportion of logistics cost in transaction costs is increasing, leading to cash flow problems in the logistics industry as a whole. More seriously, the logistics industry in Yulin area of information technology, standardization, intensive modernization level is not high, and it is difficult for the logistics service level and the methods to closely to the demand of the economic development of Yulin. Resulting in a lot of logisticsrelated industries, economic development is uneven between departments, but also limits the development of logistics enterprises. Keywords: logistics development。 development trend。因此物流業(yè)急需轉(zhuǎn)型,而網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟與物流業(yè)的結(jié)合促進了物流業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)型,現(xiàn)代物流業(yè)應(yīng)用而生。 現(xiàn)實意義 物流業(yè)的發(fā)展對一個地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟影響既有積極作用也有消極方面的影響,對榆林來說物流業(yè)的發(fā)展促進了該地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟增長速度,但身為榆林市的我們不能只看到這些積極的方面二忽略消極影響,榆林地區(qū)的物流業(yè)快速發(fā) 展給該地區(qū)的環(huán)境帶來了前所未有的壓力,如運輸工具的噪聲污染,污染物的隨意排放,道路交通的阻塞等。 二是榆林地區(qū)專門從事物流運輸?shù)倪\輸工具和各條線路之間缺乏統(tǒng)一的組織和管理模式,重復運輸和單程運輸?shù)姆绞?,容易引起榆林市的整個物流行業(yè)的交通混亂,向這類似 的問題舉不甚舉,毫無疑問這些問題必將導致榆林市嚴重的交通擁擠現(xiàn)象,而且使榆林市的噪音以及其他的社會危害加劇化。 SWOT 分析方法是指按照企業(yè)競爭戰(zhàn)略的完整概念,競爭戰(zhàn)略應(yīng)當是一個企業(yè)“能夠做的”(即組織的強項和弱項)和“可能做的”(及環(huán)境的機會和威脅)之間的有機結(jié)合。 產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)失衡 目前,榆林三 大產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展不夠平衡,第三產(chǎn)業(yè)對總體經(jīng)濟的貢獻率和拉動率均低于全省平均水平。 缺乏現(xiàn)代資本市場和物流金融體系 目前,榆林市一方面在大量招商引資,同時本地大量游資又不能被地區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)充分吸收利用。榆林地處于陜西的最北部,是陜西最大的能源化工基地,隨著榆林最近幾年經(jīng)濟的飛速發(fā)展,物流業(yè)的發(fā)展也在逐步完善起來,市政府建立了許多的物流通道,目的就是為了更快的發(fā)展物流業(yè)。 12 榆林市新型的物流體系基本形成 隨著榆林市整個行業(yè)經(jīng)濟以及物流業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展,特別是榆陽機場的運營,榆林地區(qū)的物流業(yè)相比其他地區(qū)算是該地區(qū)一個新型的產(chǎn)業(yè),當前的發(fā)展趨勢朝著標準化,現(xiàn)代化,專業(yè)化方向發(fā)展。 2 政治、經(jīng)濟、文化、環(huán)境對當?shù)匚锪鳂I(yè)發(fā)展的作用 榆林地區(qū)政治的發(fā)展給物流業(yè)的完善提供了平臺,政府出臺的