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s new deal, imposed a five percent excise tax on dividend receipts, imposed a capital stock tax and an excess profits tax, and suspended all deductions for losses (June 16, 1933, ch. 90, 48 Stat. 195). The repeal in 1933 of the eighteenth amendment, which had prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol, brought in an estimated $90 million in new liquor taxes in 1934. The social security act of 1935 provided for a wage tax, half to be paid by the employee and half by the employer, to establish a federal retirement fund (Old Age Pension Act, Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620). The Wealth Tax Act, also known as the Revenue Act of 1935, increased the maximum tax rate to 79 percent, the Revenue Acts of 1940 and 1941 increased it to 81 percent, the Revenue Act of 1942 raised it to 88 percent, and the Individual Ine Tax Act of 1944 raised the individual maximum rate to 94 percent. The postWorld War II 14 Revenue Act of 1945 reduced the individual maximum tax from 94 percent to 91 percent. The Revenue Act of 1950, during the korean war, reduced it to percent, but it was raised the next year to 92 percent (Revenue Act of 1950, Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 994, Stat. 906). It remained at this level until 1964, when it was reduced to 70 percent. The Revenue Act of 1954 revised the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, making major changes that were beneficial to the taxpayer, including providing for child care deductions (later changed to credits), an increase in the charitable contribution limit, a tax credit against taxable retirement ine, employee deductions for business expenses, and liberalized depreciation deductions. From 1954 to 1962, the Internal Revenue Code was amended by 183 separate acts. In 1974 the employee retirement ine security act (ERISA) created protections for employees whose employers promised specified pensions or other retirement contributions (Pub. L. No. 93406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 829). ERISA required that to be tax deductible, the employer39。 11 致 謝 非常感謝宋嘉老師在我大學的最后學習階段 —— 畢業(yè)論文階段給自己的指導,從最初的定題,到資料收集,到寫作、修改,到論文定稿,給了我耐心的指導和無私的幫助。此外,圖中的這款環(huán)保手提袋的設(shè)計還增加了親子性的設(shè)計和功能的復合,非常注重產(chǎn)品的細節(jié)設(shè)計,而這對于整個案例的人性化理念也有著很重要的提升作用。 圖 2 蘋果手機界面人性化設(shè)計 電腦或手機新媒體的界面設(shè)計包括結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計、交互設(shè)計和視覺設(shè)計三大部分。因此,在產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計過程中,設(shè)計師應(yīng)該充分考慮到各個制造環(huán)節(jié)的具體情況,尤其是廢棄物回收這個環(huán)節(jié),在這個環(huán)節(jié)的具體實施中便可省去大量的人力物力,從而達 7 到產(chǎn)品使用的最優(yōu)人性化設(shè)計。但是,實際 上環(huán)境因素也應(yīng)納入其中,因為這與人們本身的生活也有很大的關(guān)系。 我認為,現(xiàn)代人性化理念不僅僅應(yīng)該考慮大眾化的要求,而且還應(yīng)該針對特殊人群進行設(shè)計,這樣才能體現(xiàn)出人性化的理念和特點。很多人認為環(huán)境并非人性化理念的范圍,然而實際上,環(huán)境的好壞與人們的生活息息相關(guān),因此,人性化理念還應(yīng)該融入環(huán)境系統(tǒng)和生態(tài)化設(shè)計,將產(chǎn)品與人的需求以及環(huán)境的需要結(jié)合在一起,實現(xiàn)人、產(chǎn)品、環(huán)境的系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)一,這樣才能使人性化設(shè)計概念得到更為全面性的發(fā)展。此外,歷史文化因素也是影響一個國家的人性化設(shè)計水平的重要因素。它綜合應(yīng)用人體科學、工程科學、社會科學以及技術(shù)美學等多方面的 有關(guān)理論、研究方法和手段,基于系統(tǒng)工程的觀點,以人的生理、心理特征為依據(jù),來分析研究人與人所操縱的機械設(shè)備、人與環(huán)境之間的相互關(guān)系和作用。因此,對人性化設(shè)計進行深入的研究和探討對于人們的生活水平的提高有很重要的意義。 隨著產(chǎn)品功 能、尺度等研究的不斷深入,人機工程學便逐漸作為一門獨立的學科而建立起來,而這對于人性化理念也產(chǎn)生了重要的影響,實現(xiàn)了突破性的發(fā)展。人類社會在發(fā)展過程中,不同的階段有著 4 不同的特點,而人性化設(shè)計的體現(xiàn)方式也有所不同。 但是,我認為,人 性化的概念并不應(yīng)該僅僅涵括人的心理和客觀尺度的需求設(shè)計。例如,現(xiàn)在有很多的交通工具逐漸采用新型能源進行設(shè)計,更為清潔、方便的同時,也實現(xiàn)了環(huán)境的保護,這正是現(xiàn)代人性化新理念的精髓所在。 首先,我認為, 現(xiàn)代的人性化理念具有系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的表現(xiàn)特點。 最后,現(xiàn)代的人性化設(shè)計具有利益相關(guān)者的協(xié)作設(shè)計的表現(xiàn)特點。因此,人與產(chǎn)品之間的關(guān)系是相互影響而又相互促進的關(guān)系,只有將兩者之間的因素都考慮清楚,才能設(shè)計出更具人性化的產(chǎn)品,提升人們的體驗。 例如,在圖 4 中,這是一個環(huán)保型(麻布紡織品)手提袋的人性化設(shè)計案例。人性化設(shè)計并不是一種特定的方法或工具,而是一種思維和分析的方式,它不是一個獨立的行為,而是整體產(chǎn)品設(shè)計與人的互動過程中的一個部分。 loan amp。Italia, 536 . 238, 122 S. Ct. 2117, 153 L. Ed. 2d 280 (2021), upheld the IRS aggregate method of reporting tip ine. Instead of requiring the IRS to make individual determinations of unreported tips for each employee when calculating FICA tax, the Court held that the IRS could make employers report their gross sales on a monthly statement to help determine tip ine. Employees also mus