【正文】 Harding, 2020, Wagstaff, Lindelow, Jun, Ling, amp。 Yip et al., 2020). Variables are different according to the production process. We consider the proportion of qualified staff in the total staff for the regression on the curative technical efficiency as a high ratio is expected to have an attractive effect on patients. The number of households per staff is used in the regression on preventive technical efficiency as the delivery of preventive activities is often much more managed by coverage rate considerations than by considerations of staff qualifications. The efficiency of THs may be subjected to financial constraints (Preker amp。Maniadakis, 1999). Thus, the difficulty in assessing the nature of the optimization behavior of hospitals leads to a poorly known shape of the production function and pushes many practitioners to prefer a nonparametric approach such as DEA rather than the parametric SFA. In fact, DEA digs out the shape of the production frontier from the data and so does not require assumptions on the functional form of the production function or on the distribution of the error term (Charnes, Cooper, Lewin, amp。 Ng,2020). The first one (Ng, 2020) focuses on Guangdong Province while the second (Hu et al., 2020) is considering regional hospitals nationwide. Our study adds plementary findings to the recent literature in examining THs, welldescribed as facing efficiency issues (Hsiao, 1995。s health (Wagstaff, Lindelow, Wang, amp。 Hu, 2020). The budget decentralization (1979)and the management reform of THs (1983) led them to look for profitable activities (Hillier amp。 畢業(yè) 論文 外文資料翻譯 題 目 合作醫(yī)療保 險改革與中國農(nóng)村地區(qū) 鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院效率：從調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)分析 學 院 經(jīng)濟 學院 專 業(yè) 經(jīng)濟 學 班 級 0901 學 生 王強 學 號 20202221328 指導(dǎo)教師 王雷 二〇一 三 年 四 月 十九 日 濟南大學畢業(yè) 論文外文資料翻譯 1 China Economic Review， 2020（ 4）： 1326. Health insurance reform and efficiency of township hospitals in rural China:An analysis from survey data Martine Audibert, Jacky Mathonnat, Aurore Pelissier, Xiao Xian Huang, Anning Ma ABSTRACT In the rural healthcare organization of China, township hospitals ensure the delivery of medical services above village health stations and below county hospitals. Particularly damaged by the economic reforms implemented from 1975 to the end of the 1990s, the efficiency of township hospitals has been questioned, mainly because of the implementation since 2020 of the reform of health insurance in rural areas (New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme). From a database of 24 randomly selected township hospitals observed over the period 2020–2020 in Weifang Prefecture (Shandong), this study examines the efficiency of township hospitals through a twostage approach. As curative and preventive medical services delivered at township hospital level use different production processes, two data envelopment analysis models are estimated with different orientations to pute scores. The results show that technical efficiency has declined over factors explaining technical efficiency are mainly environmental characteristics rather than internal ones. Among these environmental factors, NRCMS have in average a negative effect on the evolution of THs efficiency, although efficiency have improved for some of results suggest also that, in the context of China, the efficiency of township hospitals is influenced by unobservable factors. From our findings, we suggest five main orientations to improve THs efficiency. In the rural Chinese healthcare system, township hospitals (THs) play an essential role: they represent the main providers of primary healthcare in rural areas (Hillier amp。 Shen, 1996。 Zhang, 2020). The second one is to make the THs, which suffered from the economic liberalization, more attractive by reorientating patients toward this level. The question of the THs39。 Liu et al., 2020), but never studied through an efficiency analysis. National studies revealed serious discrepancies throughout China, both in terms of the effects of reformand the functioning of the healthcare system (Brown, de Brauw, amp。 Seiford, 1994。 Harding, 2020), creating a hard or a ―soft budget constraint‖ (SCB). As pointed out by Kornai (2020) (p. 119–120), SBC is ―not a single event, (…) but a mental condition, present in the head—the thinking, the perception of a decision maker (…). There are grades of ha rdness and softness‖. That means that indicators should be continuous, not discrete. Theoretical and empirical literatures provide us with some evidence showing that SBC can decrease efficiency. Regarding THs, one of the most important factors of budget constraint es from the current share of subsidies in total expenditures (excluding staff related expenditures), rather than from the deficit, as the deficit implies a kind of informal ―agreement‖ (the so called ―guanxi‖) between each TH, the health authorities and local municipalities. Therefore, a high proportion of subsidies may have a negative effect on efficiency as they lower the financial constraint of THs, creating a ―soft budget constraint‖. 濟南大學畢業(yè) 論文外文資料翻譯 7 Selecting the current amount of subsidies (ratio), instead of the lagged one, is relevant because the volume of subsidies cannot be anticipated by the TH as it is decided at the beginning of the year. We then also take into consideration the potential effect that the efficiency of a TH in a specific production process (for example, in curative healthcare delivery) can also have an effect on the efficiency of this same TH in other production processes (for example, in preventive healthcare delivery). To assess cross services39。 Juncheng, 2020). Then the health authorities in Weifang should