【正文】
這有幾個(gè)原因: ( 1)高強(qiáng)度混凝土通常有較高的彈性模量。在 20 世紀(jì) 20 年代初,明尼阿波利斯WHHewett循環(huán)發(fā)展的原則預(yù)應(yīng)力他箍強(qiáng)調(diào)圍繞橫向鋼筋混凝土水池的墻壁,通過(guò)螺絲扣的使用,以防止開裂由于內(nèi)部液體壓力,從而達(dá)到水密性。另外,無(wú)論系統(tǒng)的使用,預(yù)應(yīng)力行動(dòng)本身在增加成本的結(jié)果:模板更為復(fù)雜,因?yàn)轭A(yù)應(yīng)力部分的幾何形狀通常薄腹板法蘭部分組成。開濰坊學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文 11 裂和撓度,因此在鋼筋混凝土的成員基本上是無(wú)法挽回的,一旦在業(yè)務(wù)負(fù)荷已達(dá)到其極限狀態(tài)。張力下兩個(gè)防止和張力裂縫的組合被淘汰。在一個(gè)相對(duì)低負(fù)荷時(shí),在混凝土梁底部的拉應(yīng)力達(dá)到混凝土的抗拉強(qiáng)度,會(huì)形成裂縫。為了減少或防止來(lái)自發(fā)展中國(guó)家如裂縫,同心或偏心的力量施加在縱向方向的結(jié)構(gòu) 元素。所獲得的結(jié)果表明,輻射危險(xiǎn)參數(shù)的平均值為艾斯尤特水泥廠的鐳當(dāng)量 Raeq 的, 1 的水平的的指數(shù) Iγr,外部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)六角≤ 1 和 59( NGY?低于可接受水平的 370 貝克公斤 1? 1)吸收劑量率。為了確定探測(cè)器周圍環(huán)境中的背景分布,一個(gè)空的密封燒杯計(jì)算以同樣的方式,在相同的幾何形狀的樣品。完全密封的燒杯 4周,以達(dá)到長(zhǎng)期平衡氡子體衰變率等于母公司。 2。 Kumar 等。 從天然放射性輻射 影響,是由于身體接觸輻射伽瑪射線和肺組織的照射吸入氡及其子體( Papastefanou等, 1988)。介紹 對(duì)水泥的需求是如此巨大。 由于水泥行業(yè)的天然放射性水平和 輻射危害的評(píng)估抽象被視為水泥行業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè),對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中起著重要的作用之一?!耙埂钡姆块g,臥室組成。多數(shù)首選的一半左右 1英畝的土地,這將提供業(yè)余活動(dòng)空間單戶住宅的家庭。可分為兩種類型的單層和多層的廠房,民用建筑,工業(yè)建筑是相同的。 Paredes et al., 1987) result in exposure to cement or its raw materials being necessary reality so we should know the radioactivity for cement and its raw material. There are many types of cements according to the chemical position and hydraulic properties for each one. Portland cement is the most prevalent one. The contents of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in raw and processed materials can vary considerably depending on their geological source and geochemical characteristics. Thus, the knowledge of radioactivity in these materials is important to estimate the radiological hazards on human health. The radiological impact from the natural radioactivity is due to radiation exposure of the 濰坊學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文 3 body by gammarays and irradiation of lung tissues from inhalation of radon and its progeny (Papastefanou et al., 1988). From the natural risk point of view, it is necessary to know the dose limits of public exposure and to measure the natural environmental radiation level provided by ground, air, water, foods, building interiors, etc., to estimate human exposure to natural radiation sources (UNSCEAR, 1988). Low level gammaray spectrometry is suitable for both qualitative and quantitative determinations of gammarayemitting nuclides in the environment (IAEA, 1989). The concentration of radioelements in building materials and its ponents are important in assessing population exposures, as most individuals spend 80% of their time indoors. The average indoor absorbed dose rate in air from terrestrial sources of radioactivity is estimated to be 70 nGy h?1. Indoors elevated external dose rates may arise from high activities of radionuclides in building materials (Zikovsky and Kennedy, 1992). Great attention has been paid to determining radionuclide concentrations in building materials in many countries (Amrani and Tahtat, 2020。s loadbalancing method deserves particular mention in this regard, as it considerably simplified the design process, particularly in continuous structures. These twentiethcentury developments have led to the extensive use of prestressing throughout the world ,and in the United States in particular. Ordinarily, concrete of substantially higher pressive strength is used for prestressed 濰坊學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文 7 structures than for those constructed of ordinary reinforced concrete. There are several reasons for this: (1) Highstrength concrete normally has a higher modulus of elasticity. This means a reduction in initial elastic strain under application of prestress force and a reduction in creep strain, which is approximately proportional to elastic strain. This results in a reduction in loss of prestress. (2) In posttensioned construction, high bearing stresses result at the end of beams where the prestressing force is transferred from the tendons to the anchorage fittings, which bear directly against concrete. This problem can be met by increasing the size of the anchorage fitting or by increase the bearing capacity of the concrete by increasing its pressive strength. The latter is usually more economical. Today prestressed concrete is used in building , underground structures, TV towers , floating storage and offshore structures, power stations , nuclear reactor vessels, and numerous types of bridge systems including segmental and cablestayed bridges. They demonstrate the versatility of the prestressing concept and its allenpassing application. The success in the development and construction of all these structures has been due in no small measures to the advances in the technology of materials, particularly prestressing steel, and the accumulated knowledge in estimating the shortand longterm losses in the prestressing forces. 濰坊學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文 8 二、譯文 建筑類型和設(shè)計(jì) 大樓與人民息息相關(guān),因?yàn)樗峁┍匾目臻g,工作和生活中。房屋的基本功能是提供遮風(fēng)擋雨,但今天人們需要更他們的住房,一個(gè)家庭遷入一個(gè)新的居民區(qū)知道,如果現(xiàn)有住房符合其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)安全,健康和 舒適。 在建筑設(shè)計(jì)中的一個(gè)重要的一點(diǎn)是,房間的布局,應(yīng)提供有關(guān)它們目的,最大可能的便利,在住宅,布局可根據(jù)三類認(rèn)為:“天”,“夜必須注意“和”服務(wù)“。在解決這些復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題,它也必須遵循當(dāng)?shù)氐某鞘幸?guī)劃與公共設(shè)施,人口密度,建筑高度,綠地比例的住房,建筑線,一般的外觀有關(guān)的法規(guī)鄰里關(guān)系的新特性,依此類推。生產(chǎn)操作減少輻射危害的參數(shù)。波特蘭水泥是最普遍的一種。室內(nèi)升高,可能出現(xiàn)的外部劑量率從高建筑材料放射性核素( Zikovsky 和肯尼迪,1992 年)的活動(dòng)。 由于全球水泥作為建筑材料的需求,本研究的目的是: ( 1)評(píng)估在艾斯尤特 水泥工廠和在埃及其他地方的工廠使用的原材料和最終產(chǎn)品的天然放射性(鐳,釷和 40K)。每個(gè)樣品重約 1公斤,蒸餾水洗滌和干燥烤箱約 110176。分辨率 %,在 662 keV峰的 137Cs 指定。結(jié)論 在上埃及的的艾斯尤特水泥工廠使用,并與其他國(guó)家的結(jié)果相比,原材料和最終產(chǎn)品的天然放射性核素鐳,釷和 40K測(cè)定。重要的是要指出,這些值不為上述國(guó)家,但是從那里收集樣品的地區(qū)的代表值。由于縱向預(yù)應(yīng)力施加沿著或平行的成員軸,預(yù)應(yīng)力原則通常被稱為線性預(yù)應(yīng)力。 應(yīng)用于預(yù)應(yīng)力 梁后負(fù)荷。 從前面的討論,這是平原之前創(chuàng)建完整的死和活荷載適用于以消除或大大減少這些負(fù)載造成的凈拉伸應(yīng)力,預(yù)應(yīng)力結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的永久應(yīng)力。在一般情況下,預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土構(gòu)件 的深度通常是等效的鋼筋混凝土構(gòu)件的深度約 65至 80%。 預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土是不是一個(gè)新概念,可以追溯到 1872年,當(dāng) PH值杰克遜,來(lái)自加利福尼亞州的一名工程師,發(fā)明了一種預(yù)應(yīng)力系統(tǒng),使用拉桿從單個(gè) 塊構(gòu)造梁或拱。林的負(fù)載均 衡方法值得特別提及的是,在這方面,因?yàn)樗蟠蠛?jiǎn)化,特別是在連續(xù)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中。 ( 2)在后張法施工,高承載強(qiáng)調(diào)在預(yù)應(yīng)力筋轉(zhuǎn)移到直接承。 abeles 引進(jìn)和開發(fā)部分預(yù)應(yīng)力概念 20 世紀(jì) 30 年代和 60年代之間。 豆大跨度鋼筋混凝土一旦超過(guò) 70至 90英尺( ),梁的自重成為過(guò)度,造成較重的成員,因此,更大的長(zhǎng)期撓度和打擊。一旦超過(guò)混凝土的彎曲拉伸強(qiáng)度,預(yù)應(yīng)力成員開始像鋼筋混凝土元素。環(huán)箍。力,應(yīng)用到具體的質(zhì)心相對(duì)偏心,