【正文】 為了 減少流失， 材料可以根據(jù)配額來(lái)分配。通過(guò) 設(shè)立一個(gè)分包商及材料供應(yīng)商的 資料庫(kù) ，選擇合適的 供應(yīng)商。財(cái)務(wù) 部門應(yīng)認(rèn)真執(zhí)行有關(guān)制度和領(lǐng)導(dǎo) 的 監(jiān)督。 應(yīng)該 每月提取和檢查 設(shè)備的維修和油 的 消費(fèi) 。物料 管理應(yīng) 該 從采購(gòu) 管理開始 。在 成本控制體系 中 ，從每一個(gè)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理，主要技術(shù)員 以現(xiàn)場(chǎng)管理員 都 被賦予 樂 一定的任務(wù)和成本管理的權(quán)力，并采取相應(yīng)的責(zé)任制 。并且 提高建筑企業(yè)的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力 的最根本的方法是 要控制所有影響 規(guī)劃范圍內(nèi)的工程造價(jià)的物質(zhì)和勞動(dòng) 的 消耗。 施工過(guò)程 不是一個(gè)自我調(diào)節(jié) 的 機(jī)制 ，但它需要專家 的 協(xié)調(diào) 和 干預(yù) ，這種協(xié)調(diào)和干預(yù)的 活動(dòng) 是 根據(jù)計(jì)劃 而 進(jìn)行的。 建設(shè) 施工 是 布置如何使用 材料和設(shè)備的過(guò)程。在這個(gè)階段，一般 情況下， 項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行了對(duì)未來(lái)的目標(biāo) 實(shí)現(xiàn) ，這項(xiàng)工作 已經(jīng)成 為業(yè)主的一項(xiàng) 責(zé)任 了 ，但他 也 可以 請(qǐng) 一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)師 來(lái)幫助他 。 ?它需要從幾個(gè)組織 為了實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)而 投入 的 ， 結(jié)果 導(dǎo)致潛在的溝通問(wèn)題， 以及 高度 潛 在的 沖突 。無(wú)論是項(xiàng)目管理是由客戶，設(shè)計(jì)師，建筑商，或 由一個(gè)獨(dú)立的專門機(jī)構(gòu)行使 的 ， 但 相關(guān)的管理程序 是 大致相同 的 。此外，在歐洲的層面上，已開發(fā)項(xiàng)目 管理 的質(zhì)量管理 的 程序， 這個(gè) 程序包括 ISO 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 ? it describes all the peculiarities of the construction process and production. Realizing a construction project means going through several phases 3 that make up the life cycle of the project. In the specialized literature there are various approaches of this matter. Thus, within the methodology . for the development of feasibility studies, the life cycle of the project includes the following phases: I. Preinvestment phases: ? Identification studies of investment’s needs and opportunities ? Previous feasibility studies ? Feasibility studies ? Evaluation and decision studies II. Investment ? Negotiation and contracting ? Design ? Building ? Putting in service III. Operational An other reputable specialist Ronald Mc Caffer (1995) presents the life cycle of the project using the following scheme: PHASE ACTIVITY ACTIVITIES SUCCESSION Initiation Product identification Definition of the need Preliminary Feasibility studies， Decision to realize the study strategic and financial planning General design Design and costs estimation Decision to carry out the project Detailed design Detailed design Starting auction organization or negotiations Contracting Negotiation or auction – Conclusion of contracts offering and contracting Building Building Final reception of the works Finalizing Works finalizing and Designed parameters final reception achievement Operation and Operation and Maintenance Maintenance 4 Genesis of a construction project prises the following steps: A. Definition After the owner (investor, author, client, beneficiary) has identified the need to realize the construction, he should define requirements and budgetary constraints. Defining the project includes establishing its general characteristics such as: location, size, configuration, performance criteria, equipment needed etc.. In this phase the general project is carried out of the future objective, this work being the responsibility of the owner, but he may use a designer. Figure 1. Genesis of a construction project Source: Mc Caffer, Harris, 1995 B. Design This phase consists in carrying out previous feasibility studies and feasibility studies, ending, should the beneficiary take the decision to realize the project, with the technical drafting. In practice, if certain types of contractual arrangements, design, supply and construction overlap, the construction being realized as the design progresses. The design can be achieved by the beneficiary, but, as in most cases, 5 he is not a specialist in the field, a specialized designer or consultants are needed (for previous feasibility studies and feasibility studies). C. Contracting This phase consists in concluding the construction contract. D. Supply and Construction Supply refers to ordering and receiving equipment and key materials needed for the project, particularly those having long intervals between order’s launching and receipt. Supply may be done by the general contractor, by the customer or by a specialized pany hired by the customer. Construction is the process of laying materials and equipment. This involves providing human resources, equipment, materials and overseeing the pletion of work. E. Maintenance and repairing After putting in operation and designed parameters achievement the construction may require execution maintenance and repairing works. To achieve them, one can use the services of the initial builder (surely during the warranty period) or those of another construction firm, if the beneficiary does not have a specialized department. F. Demolition or conversion After expiration of the normal life of the objective or even earlier, if economic or technological reasons requires it, an objective may be demolished or altered. This requires the services of a construction pany. CONCLUSIONS For a project to be built respecting the budget and implementation deadlines, a professional management of operations carried out on site, is needed. The technical plexity, the importance of works realization on due time, constraints related to resources and substantial costs impose thorough planning, programming and control The construction process is not a self adjusting mechanism, but it requires coordinated intervention of experts for the activities to be conducted according to the plans. The construction realization can be deeply affected by events that are difficult or impossible to predict. In such changing circumstances, cost and duration are constantly altering and can suddenly deteriorate. An effective management is not only desirable, but is needed in order to achieve a satisfactory final result. Regardless of the contractual arrangement chosen for the construction project’ realization, the safest way to achieve objectives is to apply a project management system. 6 Two Points on the Cost Management of Engineering Projects AbstractCost management o