【正文】 對于這種分析來說，應(yīng)該了解活載及其所引起的盈利的分布規(guī)律、材料的力學(xué)性能的分散性和截面的結(jié)構(gòu)幾何尺寸的分散性。通常采用下面兩種計(jì)算方法： 確定性的方法，這種方法采用容許應(yīng)力。 根據(jù)不同的安全度條件，可以把結(jié)構(gòu)驗(yàn)算所采用的計(jì)算方法分成： （ 1）確定性的方法，在這種方法中，把 主要參數(shù)看作非隨機(jī)參數(shù)。 規(guī)范的主要目的是提供一般性的設(shè)計(jì)原理和計(jì)算方法，以便驗(yàn)算結(jié)構(gòu)的安全度。 翻斗機(jī)可能是使用最為普遍的輪胎式運(yùn)輸設(shè)備，因?yàn)樗鼈冞€可以被用來送混凝土或者其他建筑材料。 在比較平坦的場地開挖，如果用拉鏟或正鏟挖土機(jī)運(yùn)輸距離太遠(yuǎn)時(shí)，則裝有輪胎式的斗式鏟運(yùn)機(jī)就是比不可少的。拉鏟挖土機(jī)的工作半徑最大。為了降低土方工程費(fèi)用，填方量應(yīng)該等于挖方量，而且挖方地點(diǎn)應(yīng)該盡可能靠近土方量相等的填方地點(diǎn)，以減少運(yùn)輸量和填方的二次搬運(yùn)。手冊、圖表和微型計(jì)算機(jī)以及專用程序的使用，使這種設(shè)計(jì)方法更為簡捷有效，而傳統(tǒng)的方法則是把鋼筋混凝土的復(fù)核與單純的設(shè)計(jì)分別進(jìn)行處理。如果干燥過快則會(huì)出現(xiàn)表面裂縫，這將有損與混凝土的強(qiáng)度，同時(shí)也會(huì)影響到水泥水化作用的充分進(jìn)行。 澆筑混凝土所需要的技術(shù)取決于即將澆筑的構(gòu)件類型，諸如：柱、梁、墻、板、基礎(chǔ)，大體積混凝土水壩或者繼續(xù)延長已澆筑完畢并且已經(jīng)凝固的混凝土等。其最終制成品具有較高的抗壓強(qiáng)度和較低的抗拉強(qiáng)度。 (3)Possibility and/or likelihood of repairing the structure。 and sensitivity of the structure to alternating loads, to fire and to explosions. (2)Service limit states, which are functions of the use and durability of the structure. Examples include excessive deformations and displacements without instability。 heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horsepowers. Dumpers are probably the monest rubbertyred transport since they can also conveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubbertyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallest dumpers have a capacity of about m 179。many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m 179。 failure of some sections and subsequent transformation of the structure into a mechanism。 (3) Uncertainty of the predicted live loads and dead loads acting on the structure。 (5) Moral and psychological views. The definition of all these parameters, for a given safety factor, allows construction at the optimum cost. However, the difficulty of carrying out a plete probabilistic analysis has to be taken into account. For such an analysis the laws of the distribution of the live load and its induced stresses, of the scatter of mechanical properties of materials, and of the geometry of the crosssections and 7 the structure have to be known. Furthermore, it is difficult to interpret the interaction between the law of distribution of strength and that of stresses because both depend upon the nature of the material, on the crosssections and upon the load acting on the structure. These practical difficulties can be overe in two ways. The first is to apply different safety factors to the material and to the loads, without necessarily adopting the probabilistic criterion. The second is an approximate probabilistic method which introduces some simplifying assumptions ( semiprobabilistic methods ) . References： 1. Hanjing Yun. Building decoration materials and their application. China Building Industry Press .2020. 2. Xia Yan eds. Civil engineering materials. Wuhan University Press .2020. 3. From before the king, Huoman Lin. Building materials (first edition). Lanzhou University Press .1997 4. Zhang Xiong editor. Building functional materials. China Building Industry Press .2020. 5. Yanhan Dong, Qian Xiao Qian ed. New Building Materials tutorial. China Building Materials Industry Press .2020. 6. Zhang Fen Qin, Zhao Man ed. Building decoration materials. Chongqing University Press, .2020. 7. Xuyou Hui ed. Building materials and learning. Southwest Jiaotong University Press .2020. 8 1 中文翻譯 鋼筋混凝土及土方工程簡介 摘要： 作為設(shè)計(jì)人員首先必須明確自身設(shè)計(jì)的建筑構(gòu)筑物得等級和強(qiáng)度，以及對相關(guān)問題進(jìn)行深入的討論和研究，本文主要敘述了關(guān)于鋼筋混凝土，土方工程方面的相關(guān)知識，讓我們更加深入的了解 這方面的主要關(guān)鍵論述，以及合理應(yīng)用知識來幫助我們設(shè)計(jì)更加優(yōu)良的建筑 。這一要求是可以達(dá)到的。 水泥的水化作用發(fā)生在有水分存在，而且氣溫在 50176。由于經(jīng)常需要進(jìn)行多次試算，才能求出所需的截面，因此設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)第一次采用的數(shù)值將導(dǎo)致一系列的試算與調(diào)整工作。因此，一個(gè)工程師為了使自己在土方挖運(yùn)設(shè)備方面的知識跟得上時(shí)代的發(fā)展，他應(yīng)當(dāng)花費(fèi)一些時(shí)間去研究現(xiàn)代的機(jī)械。這并不是10 經(jīng)?？梢宰龅降模侨绻軌蜃龅絼t是很理想的，因?yàn)檫@ 樣做既快捷又省錢。正鏟挖土機(jī)能挖取豎直陡峭的工作面，這種方式對推土機(jī)司機(jī)來說是危險(xiǎn)的，而對拉鏟挖土機(jī)則是不可能的。滿載時(shí)可達(dá) 10 m179。的鉸接式翻斗車。其例子包括結(jié)構(gòu)的局部屈曲和整體不穩(wěn)定性；某此界面失效，隨后結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C(jī)構(gòu)；疲勞破壞；引起結(jié)構(gòu)幾何形狀顯著變化的彈性變形或塑性變形或徐變；結(jié)構(gòu)對交變荷載、火災(zāi)和爆炸的敏感性。計(jì)算荷載等于分別乘以荷載系數(shù)的活載與恒載之和。 所有這些因素均與經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)條件有關(guān)，例如： 12 （ 1）建筑物的初始建設(shè)費(fèi)； （ 2）建筑物使用期限內(nèi)的折舊費(fèi)； （ 3）由于建