【正文】 戰(zhàn)場上軍隊的行動可能 改變歷史 的進程 ，但從考古學(xué)的觀點來看，這同樣是難以捕捉的；可能更糟的是，多數(shù)有機物質(zhì)會 腐爛。 正象任何一位歷史學(xué)家那樣，考古學(xué)家研究調(diào)查 并盡力去重構(gòu)一個過程。 每一代人似乎都需要 獨有的一套詞匯來描述熟知的物體和事件。 third, association among the subgroups and the majority population. Finally, it is worth noting that the terms standard colloquial and slang exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions. 語言的類型 標準用法包括那些為使用這種語言的大多數(shù)人在任何場合下理解、使用和 接受的詞和短語，而不論該場合是否正式。 今天很多美國的大城市其實就是靠吞并它們附近的邊緣地區(qū)而 變成大都會的。s and 184039。美國 獨立戰(zhàn)爭宣布了三個現(xiàn)代國家的誕生，其中一個是加拿大。卡內(nèi)基的慷慨大度幾乎影響到每個美國人的生活。 在蕭條時期，他的多數(shù)對手都在縮減投資。 這些 廣播業(yè)的巨頭實際上不僅塑造了電視，而且也塑造了我們對電視的理解。 當這些電子脈沖信號被輸入一部接收機 (電視機 )時，就可以用 電子學(xué)的方法把脈沖信號重新恢復(fù)成同一幅圖像。 另一個追溯戲劇起源的理論認為它來自人 們對敘述故事的興趣。s origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this view tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds. 戲劇的起源 關(guān)于古希臘戲劇的起源存在著多種理論，其中一個最普遍為人接受的理論 假設(shè)認為戲劇從儀式演化而來。大腦也發(fā)出腦電波，這可在腦電圖上記錄下來。 they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells have bee so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cells are linked together, the effects can be astonishing. The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can send a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it lives. (An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as fourfifths of all the cells in the electric eel39。 任何一種個別產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的價格都與這個龐大而復(fù) 雜的系統(tǒng)密切相關(guān)，而且或多或少地受到系統(tǒng)中其它成份的制約。 在全國各地，孩子們幾乎在同一 時刻到達學(xué)校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人傳授知識，使用大致相同的教材，做作業(yè)， 考試等等。 傳 授知識的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音機里進行政治辯論的人們，可以是小孩子， 也可以是知名的科學(xué)家。 02 Schooling and Education It is monly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important. Education is much more openended and allinclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one39。歌手和樂器演奏者必須使所有的音符完全相同協(xié) 調(diào)。s responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear. This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds with fanatical but selfless authority. Technique is of no use unless it is bined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century. 01 音樂的語言 畫家將已完成的作品掛在墻上，每個人都可 以觀賞到。 音樂家們控制肌肉的熟練程度，必須達到與運動員或巴蕾舞演 員相當?shù)乃健? 他們還 必須致力于以熱忱而又客觀的權(quán)威去控制這些音符 。 教育不受任何限制。 教育應(yīng)成為人生命中不可缺少的一部分。 價格也是有限的產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)在買方中的配給 手段。 買賣雙方不但要清楚交易中的錢數(shù)，而且要非常熟悉交易物的質(zhì)量和 數(shù)量，交易的時間、地點，采用哪種形式付款，有怎樣的緩付和優(yōu)惠，對交易物的質(zhì)量保證、 交貨條款、退賠權(quán)利等等。 科學(xué)家不 斷發(fā)現(xiàn)許多生物世界里可能有益于人類的關(guān)于電的有趣秘密。 它可以在水中發(fā)出相當于 800 伏特電 壓電流 (家庭用戶的電壓只有 120 伏特 )。 認為戲劇從儀式演化而來的人們還認為那些儀式包含了戲劇的基本因素，因為音樂、舞蹈、 面具和服裝幾乎經(jīng)常被使用，而且，必須為演出提供一個合適的地點；如果不是整個社區(qū)共 同參加演出，經(jīng)常在 演出區(qū) 和 觀眾席 之間劃分出明顯的分界。 這可以稱得上是又一次電子革命，其關(guān)鍵在于電視技術(shù)與計算機技術(shù)的結(jié)合。電視早已成為大眾媒介?？▋?nèi)基在美國建立了鋼鐵工業(yè)。 這些貢獻包括匹茲堡卡 內(nèi) 基學(xué)校。 革命帶來了重大的變化，但并非翻天覆地，所發(fā)生的只是進化 的加速，而不是一場徹底的革命；在沖突期間，人們?nèi)匀簧习?、做禮拜、結(jié)婚、玩耍。 在一些州，特 別是康涅狄格和羅德島，戰(zhàn)爭基本上只是承認了已經(jīng)存在的殖民地的自治。 漸漸地，在與舊有的主要城區(qū)相毗鄰的地方，不斷涌現(xiàn)出由排房和公寓樓組成的工人 聚居區(qū)，包圍了工廠。 這些中產(chǎn)階級希望在遠離老舊城市的地區(qū)擁有住宅，單一家庭住宅地區(qū) 的開發(fā)者滿足了他們的愿望。俗語用法經(jīng)常地被接受為標準用法。 11 Archaeology Archaeology is a source of history, not just a humble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts. Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age a