【正文】
分析摩擦離合器和制動(dòng)器的各種形式都應(yīng)用一般的同樣的程序,下面的步驟 是必需的: 1. 假定或確定摩擦表面上壓力分布; 2. 找出最大壓力和任一點(diǎn)處壓力之間的關(guān)系; 3. 應(yīng)用靜平衡條件去找尋( a)作用力;( b)扭矩; (c)支反力。因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)構(gòu)件開始以不同速度運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)而使打滑發(fā)生了,并且在作用過程中能量散 失,結(jié)果導(dǎo)致溫升。因之,設(shè)計(jì)者無論何時(shí),動(dòng)力傳遞零件,如齒輪或皮帶輪都應(yīng)該設(shè)置在靠近支持軸承附近。軸能夠承受彎曲,拉伸,壓縮或扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷,這些力相結(jié)合時(shí),人們期望找到靜強(qiáng)度和疲勞強(qiáng)度作為設(shè)計(jì)的重要依據(jù)。然而在直齒圓柱齒輪情況下,在節(jié)線速度較高時(shí),他們將發(fā)出噪音。 當(dāng)齒輪要用來傳遞相交軸之間的運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),就需要某種形式的錐齒輪。蝸輪不是斜齒輪,因?yàn)槠潺X頂面做成中凹形狀以適配蝸桿曲率,目的是要形成線接觸而不是點(diǎn)接觸。它們是以同樣的方法進(jìn)行制造。當(dāng)軸向推力變的大了或由于別的原因而產(chǎn)生某些影響時(shí),那就可以使用人字齒輪。如果一張被剪成平行四邊形(矩形)的紙張包圍在齒輪圓柱體上,紙上印出齒的角刃邊就變成斜線。 關(guān)鍵詞 :齒輪;軸 在直齒圓柱齒輪的受力分析中,是假定各力作用在單一平面的。 ABEC 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)只定義了諸如孔、外徑、振擺等尺寸公差。缺陷還可以根據(jù)軸承每轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)一周出現(xiàn)的不規(guī)則變化的次數(shù)加以鑒定。 噪聲的分析是用安德遜計(jì)進(jìn)行的,該儀器在軸承生產(chǎn)中可用來控制質(zhì)量,也可對(duì)失效的軸承進(jìn)行分析。 在許多工業(yè)產(chǎn)品中,污染是不可避免的,因此常用密封或遮護(hù)裝置來保護(hù)軸承,使其免受灰塵或臟物的侵蝕。因此,要根據(jù)不同的用途來選用潤(rùn)滑劑。如果某一材料經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)適合工作要求,那么防止生銹的最簡(jiǎn)單的方法是給軸承包裝起來,直到安裝使用時(shí)才打開包裝。軸承就會(huì)過早地失效。軸承的蠕動(dòng)是由于軸和內(nèi)圈之間的間隙過大造成的。 過熱的軸承通常會(huì)改變顏色,一般會(huì)變成藍(lán)黑 色或淡黃色。這種破壞在運(yùn)輸中的設(shè)備和不工作時(shí)仍振動(dòng)的設(shè)備中都會(huì)產(chǎn)生。弄清諸如剝蝕和疲勞破壞一類失效的機(jī)理,有助于消除問題的根源。 關(guān)鍵詞 : 軸承 失效 壽命 導(dǎo)致軸承失效的原因很多,但常見的是不正確的使用、污染、潤(rùn)滑劑使用不當(dāng)、裝卸或搬運(yùn)時(shí)的損傷及安裝誤差等。t falter in traditional machine and modern machines. The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box. The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations respectively. So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways . 6 Key words: Wheel gear Shaft In the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn. Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a righthand helix and the other a lefthand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper bees a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid. The initial contact of spurgear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth e into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation。 in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads bee high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load. Crossedhelical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossedhelical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not remended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed helical gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand。診斷失效的原因并不困難,因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)軸承上留下的 痕跡可以確定軸承失效的原因。 11 只要使用和安裝合理,軸承的剝蝕是容易避免的。此外,低荷振蝕產(chǎn)生的碎 屑的作用就象磨粒一樣,會(huì)進(jìn)一步損害軸承。摩擦還會(huì)使保持架受力,這會(huì)破 壞支承架,并 加速軸承的失效。蠕動(dòng)的害處很大,它不僅損害軸承,也破壞其他零件。 檢查潤(rùn)滑劑的污染比檢查裝配不正或蠕動(dòng)要困難得多。 2 避免失效的方法 解決軸承失效問題的最好辦法就是避免失效發(fā)生。 在軸承轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)過程中,如果內(nèi)圈和外圈之間存在一個(gè)隨機(jī)的偏心距,就會(huì)產(chǎn)生與凸輪運(yùn)動(dòng)非常相似的非重復(fù)性振擺( NRR)。但是,由于軸承內(nèi)外圈的運(yùn)動(dòng),使軸承的密封不可能達(dá)到完美的程度,因此潤(rùn)滑油的泄漏和污染始終是一個(gè)未能解決的問題。將一傳感器連接在軸承外圈上,而內(nèi)圈在心軸以 1800r/min的轉(zhuǎn)速旋轉(zhuǎn)。 低頻噪聲是長(zhǎng)波段不規(guī)則變化的結(jié)果。隨著 ABEC 級(jí)別的增加(從 3 增到 9),公差逐漸變小。我們將研究作用力具有三維坐標(biāo)的齒輪。如果我展開這張紙,在血角刃邊上的每一個(gè)點(diǎn)就發(fā)生一漸開線曲線。雙斜齒輪(人字齒輪)是與反向的并排地裝在同一軸上的兩個(gè)斜齒輪等效。一對(duì)相嚙合的交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪通常具有同樣的齒向,即左旋主動(dòng)齒輪跟右旋從動(dòng)齒輪相嚙合。然而蝸桿蝸輪傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)中存在齒間有較大滑移速度的缺點(diǎn),正像交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪那樣。雖然錐齒輪通常制造成能構(gòu)成 90 度軸交角,但它們也可產(chǎn)生任何角度的軸交角。在這些情況下,螺旋錐齒輪比直齒輪能產(chǎn)生平穩(wěn)的多的嚙合作用,因此碰到高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的場(chǎng)合那是很有用的。因?yàn)閱胃S可以承受靜壓力,變應(yīng)力和交變應(yīng)力,所有的應(yīng)力作用都是同時(shí)發(fā)生的。這就減低了彎矩,因而減小變形和彎曲應(yīng)力。在分析這些裝置的性能時(shí),我們應(yīng)注意到作用力,傳遞的扭矩,散失的能量和溫升。 混合式離合器包括幾個(gè)類型,例如強(qiáng)制接觸離合器 、 超載釋放保護(hù)離合器 、 超越離合器 、 磁液離合器等等。各種各樣的離合器和制動(dòng)器可作如下分類: 2. 輪緣式內(nèi)膨脹制凍塊; 3. 輪緣式外接觸制動(dòng)塊; 4. 條帶式; 5. 盤型或軸向式; 6. 圓錐型; 7. 混合式。簡(jiǎn)化摩擦離合器或制動(dòng)器的動(dòng)力學(xué)表達(dá)式中,各自以角速度 w1 和 w2 運(yùn)動(dòng)的兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量 I1 和 I2,在制動(dòng)器情況下其中之一可能是零,由于接上離合器或制動(dòng)器而最終要導(dǎo)致同樣的速度。但決不意味著設(shè)計(jì)者要保證;它們是安全的,軸幾乎總是要進(jìn)行計(jì)算的,知道它們是處在可以接受的允許的極限以內(nèi)。在軸上安裝像齒輪,皮帶輪,飛輪,曲柄,鏈輪和其他動(dòng)力傳遞零件。 直齒錐齒輪易于設(shè)計(jì)且制造簡(jiǎn)單,如果他們安裝的精密而確定,在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中會(huì)產(chǎn)生良好效果。蝸桿上的齒斜角度通常很大,而蝸輪上的則極小,因此習(xí)慣常規(guī)定蝸桿的導(dǎo)角,那就是蝸桿齒斜角的余角;也規(guī)定了蝸輪上的齒斜角,該兩角之和就等于 90 度的軸線交角。蝸桿和蝸輪通常是用于向垂直相交軸之間的傳動(dòng)提供大的角速度減速比。交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪與斜齒輪之間在被安裝后互相捏合之前是沒有任何區(qū)別的。斜齒輪使軸的軸承承受徑向和軸向力。齒的形狀是一濺開線螺旋面。所以我們對(duì)齒輪和軸的了解和認(rèn)識(shí)必須是多層次多方位的。 利用軸承的噪聲特 性對(duì)軸承進(jìn)行分類,用戶除了可以確定大多數(shù)廠商所使用的ABEC 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外,還可確定軸承的噪聲等級(jí)。通常軸承缺陷被分為低、中、 高三個(gè)波段。軸承的性能可以用不同 的噪聲等級(jí)來表示。因此在機(jī) 床的應(yīng)用中應(yīng)該使用非重復(fù)性振擺較小的軸承。舉例來說,潤(rùn)滑脂產(chǎn)生的噪聲比潤(rùn)滑油大一些。 12 銹是濕氣污染的一種形式, 它的出現(xiàn)常常表明材料選擇不當(dāng)。如果偏斜超過 176。 蠕動(dòng)不象過早疲勞那樣普遍。在卡住之前,過大的摩擦和熱量使軸承鋼軟化。這種破壞稱為低荷振蝕。 通過失效后的分析可以得知對(duì)已經(jīng)失效的或?qū)⒁У?軸承應(yīng)該在哪些方面進(jìn)行查看。通過一些細(xì)致的偵察工作,我們可以采取行動(dòng)來避免軸承的再次失效。 insufficient lubrication between ball and retainer wears and weakens the retainer. In this situation, lubrication is critical if the retainer is a fully 4