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生或完成的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí),在后的用一般過去時(shí)。 如: When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意: before, after ,as soon as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。(主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”) 2. 過去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài),表示的是“過去的過去”,只有和過去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才使用它。 構(gòu)成:承受者+助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):承受者+助動(dòng)詞am / is/are +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者 一般過去時(shí):承受者+助動(dòng)詞was / were +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者 承受者+助動(dòng)詞shall / will be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者 承受者+助動(dòng)詞 have/ has been+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者 承受者+ can /may/must/should +be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者 從句 在復(fù)合句中,由一個(gè)句子充當(dāng)賓語,這個(gè)句子叫做賓語從句。 定語從句在中考和高考中出現(xiàn)的頻率都非常高。常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that,which,who(賓格whom,所有格whose),as 等,關(guān)系副詞包括where,when,why等。每種狀語從句都有特定的引導(dǎo)詞: (1)地點(diǎn)狀語從句:where,wherever (2)時(shí)間狀語從句:when, while, as, before, until, till, since (3)原因狀語從句:because, since,as, now that, not that…, but that…, seeing that, considering that, in that (4)目的狀語從句:so, so that, in order that, that, to the end that, in case,for fear that,lest (5)結(jié)果狀語從句:so...that, such that, so that, with the result that (6)條件狀語從句:if,unless,if only,only if,in case,suppose/supposing (that),provided/providing(that),on condition that,so/as long as (7)方式狀語從句:as, as if, as though (8)讓步狀語從句:though, although, as, even if, even though, whether, no matter whether...or, no matter with 可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的幾種形式 : students, apples, bags, trees, books, brothers. 、x、sh、ch結(jié)尾的名詞加es: glasses, boxes, brushes, matches. ,變y為i加es: cities, babies, enemies. ,多數(shù)變f為v加es: wives, : roofs,proofs, chiefs. ,有些加es: Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes. 其它加s: radio s, zoos, pianos, photos. :foot→feet, goose→geese, tooth→teeth, child→children, man→men, woman→women, mouse→mice. :sheep,fish,dee. 注意:fish表示種類時(shí),也用fishes這樣的形式。fortyfortieth。(通讀情景來解答) 八、定語從句 1. 指人:who/that/whom 2. 指物:which/that 注意: 1. 先行詞后出現(xiàn)后置定語,不要把后置定語當(dāng)成是先行詞。 2. 出現(xiàn)or not,引導(dǎo)詞只能用whether 表委婉語氣時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)不變 初三英語上冊(cè)期中考試重點(diǎn)筆記