【正文】 教育考試服務(wù)中心 （ ETS）將于此時(shí)在全球推出一種全新的英語(yǔ)綜合測(cè)試方法。而新托福閱讀題型既會(huì)照顧到點(diǎn)的精確性，又會(huì)在測(cè)試中注重考察考生對(duì)語(yǔ)言篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯意義的理解。第一部分分為四章，分別精講了如何培養(yǎng)基礎(chǔ)閱讀技能、如何培養(yǎng)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)技能、如何從句子、段落到篇章循序漸進(jìn)培養(yǎng)閱讀技能、如何培養(yǎng)評(píng)析性閱讀技能等在新托福閱讀考試中可能用到的四項(xiàng)閱讀技能。第一章縱覽了新托福閱讀考試。 作者在編寫時(shí)結(jié)合了自己多年的大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)實(shí)踐和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，研究了歷年托福試題，廣泛參閱了有關(guān)閱讀技能和托福閱讀應(yīng)試技巧的專門書籍。 作者 還要感謝泰德教育集團(tuán)和 東方出版社 的 各位編輯，他們?yōu)楸緯某霭?做 了認(rèn)真細(xì)致的工作， 使之得以順利出版。 由于作者水平有 限，書中缺點(diǎn)和不妥之處在所難免，謹(jǐn)盼廣大讀者不吝指正。本部分提到的閱讀技能涉及閱讀技能本身和語(yǔ)言技能兩方面，具體包括如何培養(yǎng)基礎(chǔ)閱讀技能、如何培養(yǎng)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)技能、如何從句子、段落到篇章循序漸進(jìn) 地 培養(yǎng)閱讀技能、如何培養(yǎng)評(píng)析性閱讀技能等在新托福閱讀考試中可能用到的四項(xiàng)閱讀技能。讀者的背景知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)也會(huì)影響用多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間獲得和理解文章中的未知信息。 速度較慢，具體的速度由材料類型、閱讀目的和熟悉程度來(lái)確定。 速度較快，可以是一般型閱讀速度的兩倍。因此，絕大多數(shù)的閱讀理解測(cè)試的目的都是檢驗(yàn)考生能否在單位時(shí)間內(nèi)通過(guò)閱讀書面材料獲得規(guī)定信息的能力，閱讀測(cè)試既要求考生準(zhǔn)確，又要求有一定的速度。因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)诶斫饩渥踊蛘Z(yǔ)篇時(shí)，主要根據(jù)意義單元而不是單個(gè)詞之間的關(guān)系，因而逐字閱讀妨礙了迅速而準(zhǔn)確地理解句子?？茖W(xué)的閱讀方法應(yīng)該是以意群為單位進(jìn)行閱讀，按意義單元（如主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、中心詞及其修飾語(yǔ)等短語(yǔ)、詞組或很短的句子）進(jìn)行劃分和停頓。 意群劃分的大小反映出了一個(gè)人閱讀能力的強(qiáng)弱。開始時(shí)讀者可能無(wú)法把握字?jǐn)?shù)較多的意義單元，那就從較短的意義單元開始，并逐漸過(guò)渡到較長(zhǎng)的意義單元，這是一個(gè)自然的過(guò)程。ll give you prices / to work with, / but they39。 誠(chéng)然，回讀在閱讀中是在所難免的，但每個(gè)人回讀的句數(shù)和次數(shù)存在差異。要降低回讀次數(shù)，就要做到：結(jié)構(gòu)不復(fù)雜的句子一般不要回讀；結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子要降低回讀的次數(shù)。t look back on a line. Looking back could cause you to develop regression habits, the very thing you want to overe. 2. Don39?？朔缸x的方法就是要克服逐字閱讀 和回讀 的 閱讀 習(xí)慣，要使一些單詞 的意義迅速加以綜合， 馬上在大腦里形成一個(gè)中心詞，變成能夠概括全句意義的一個(gè)概念。還有的讀者在閱讀中有默讀的習(xí)慣，這并沒(méi)有什么不好，但需要指出的是 ， 出聲閱讀 和 默讀 都 有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)：讀者 必須把每個(gè)詞在口中或者在大腦中讀出來(lái) 。 讀者只要有意識(shí)地注意加強(qiáng) 快速識(shí)別單詞和詞組的意義， 注意培養(yǎng) 意 群 劃分 閱讀方法，這一不良 閱讀 習(xí)慣是不難克服的。 而且，由于新托福考試是各種語(yǔ)言 技能交叉的綜合考試， 有的題型 （如口語(yǔ)和寫作） 要 求就閱讀理解來(lái) 用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行即時(shí)表達(dá) 。略讀和尋讀都是快速閱讀的方法，是選擇性閱讀，不要求讀者把閱讀材料中的所有單詞都讀到，而是要求讀者盡可能快速地 移動(dòng) 眼睛去有目的地尋找相關(guān)信息。讀者在閱讀文章時(shí)應(yīng)有意識(shí)地略讀文章中的標(biāo)題和附標(biāo)題、首尾兩段、小標(biāo)題、每段首尾句、各段關(guān)鍵詞等。 2．首尾段落略讀法 使用標(biāo)題判斷法得到的文章信息十分有限，而且準(zhǔn)確性不夠。尤其是當(dāng)文章的這兩個(gè)段落比較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，就應(yīng)該使用只閱讀主題句的方法來(lái)加快閱讀速度，節(jié)省時(shí)間。 采用跳躍式閱讀，要求讀者首先找出文章中的哪些段落是主要段落，哪些是次要段落；然后注意主要段落中的大寫字母和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，以 便 把目光聚焦在每句開始的前幾個(gè)單詞。英語(yǔ)文章的主題句一般都位于段落的首句或末句，以起到引導(dǎo)或歸納的作用，這一點(diǎn)將在本書后面的章節(jié)中作具體介紹。 首尾句略讀法比跳躍式略讀法更容易操作，但可能會(huì)花費(fèi)較多的時(shí)間，而且有時(shí)獲得的信息也不一定完整準(zhǔn)確，其原因是有些段落的主題句并不是首尾句，而是在段落中間，或根本就沒(méi)有主題句，這時(shí)如果采用首尾句略讀法就無(wú)法得出或得出錯(cuò)誤的段落主旨。 總之，略讀是一種十分重要和實(shí)用的快速閱讀方法。這種積極主動(dòng)的閱讀思維過(guò)程能使考生較牢固地記住文章內(nèi)容。第一遍閱讀時(shí)略讀文章中標(biāo)有底紋的部分，大致推斷出文章的主要內(nèi)容。s hoodline. But that39。re buying the car as is: there39。 on the plus side, they39。t buy a used car blindly. When you see one that appeals to you, take these steps: Before you get in the car, look under it for leaks. Then sight along each side of the exterior。s gone all the way through the metal is always bad news. Inside the car, first press your foot on the brake pedal and hold it down for about a minute。s cold, with your ear cocked for weird sounds. After a brief warmup, press the accelerator hard and look out the rear window for smoke: white smoke may just mean some water condensed in the exhaust system。 engine and exhaust noises will be magnified, and you39。 if he finds minor problems, ask for an estimate of the repair costs, and use that figure as leverage in price bargaining for this car. A few years ago a study sponsored by the Federal Trade Commission showed that one out of three usedcar buyers is hit with substantial repair costs soon after making the purchase. This spring, the FTC will present to Congress a new regulation that。ve never heard that before. or the old, reliable, That39。re really asking, What sort of persons are you? And to find out, you have to really listen. There are at least three ponents of real listening. For one thing, real listening means not changing the subject. If someone sticks to one topic, you can assume that he or she is really listening in it. Another ponent of real listening is listening not just words, but to tones of voice. I once mentioned football to a friend who, to my astonishment broke into a technical discussion of broken field running. Midway through, I listened to her voice. It was, to put it mildly, unanimated, and it seemed obvious that her talk was intended solely for my benefit. I quickly changed the subject. And last, real listening means using your eyes as well as your ears. When your gaze wanders, it makes people think that they39。re fascinating. Next good talkers are not afraid to laugh. If you think of all the people you know who make you feel fortable, you may notice that all of them laugh a lot. Laughter is not only warming and friendly. It39。t overdo it. People don39。s appropriate. What39。s something you like about a new acquaintance, try telling him or her about it, in just so many words. Finally, good talkers are ones who cement a parting. Last impression is just as important as first impression in determining how a new acquaintance will remember you. People who make others really feel fortable take advantage of that parting moment to close the deal. Men have had it easier: they have done it with a smile and a good firm handshake. Over the last several years, women have started to take over that custom as well, between themselves, or with men. If you39。s not all done with body language. If you39。s purpose in writing this article? A. To explain the psychological issues in conversation. B. To illustrate the arts of making a speech. C. To criticize the wrong approaches in talking to people. D. To introduce six skills in putting people at ease. 3. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1? A. There are some people with whom you would like to spend a whole life. B. Generally speaking, you would like to talk to the people you know. C. Some people are capable of making you feel fortable with their presence. D. There are not many people who can make you feel fortable when they39。t want to talk. B. Don39。因此，尋讀技巧與略讀技巧是不同的。應(yīng)試閱讀時(shí)，尋讀可以用來(lái)有目的、有計(jì)劃地按照題目的意圖有重點(diǎn)地盡快找到題目答案的出處。如果要從詞典中查找某個(gè)單詞的含義，我們不會(huì)逐頁(yè)翻閱，而是會(huì)根據(jù)字母排列順序去尋找該單詞；如果想從一本書中查找某個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容，也不會(huì)采用略讀方式，把書從頭到尾瀏覽 一遍，而是先判斷可能會(huì)在哪些章節(jié)出現(xiàn)相關(guān)內(nèi)容，然后再?gòu)倪@些章節(jié)中尋找。 1． 信息來(lái)源定位 要準(zhǔn)確定位所需信息的可能出處，就要首先對(duì)所需要的資料進(jìn)行分析處理，知道其中心內(nèi)容或主旨，然后從閱讀材料中尋找與這個(gè)中心內(nèi)容最接近的內(nèi)容。根據(jù)書頁(yè)的長(zhǎng)短，每一頁(yè)大概往返移動(dòng)三到五次，就可覆蓋全頁(yè)。但同時(shí)因?yàn)閽呙钑r(shí)目光觸及的內(nèi)容有限，也很可能錯(cuò)過(guò)所需內(nèi)容 。與之字型掃描法相比，中部掃描法覆蓋面更廣，這樣錯(cuò)過(guò)信息的可能性就小。當(dāng)我們?cè)谛畔呙柚邪l(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)信息，就將該信息所在的整個(gè)句子或整個(gè)段落閱讀一遍，判斷是否是所需信息。 必須說(shuō)明，上述尋讀掃描的能力的前提是讀者在閱讀中注意力高度地集中 ，而且尋讀掃描的目的信息 必須 時(shí)刻在大腦