【正文】 中通常避免使用引起雙方不快從而損害雙方關系的語言，而是采取迂回曲折的方法來表達思想，交流信息，它不 僅是種語言現(xiàn)象，而且是社會現(xiàn)象和文化現(xiàn)象。 【關鍵詞 】 委婉語； 運用； 社會影響 。 “l(fā)imb” refers to “l(fā)eg”. For some special occasions, the part can be used instead of the entirety. In Australian English “an old hand” is a euphemism for “an old prisoner”. 3) To use the tools to take the place of the objects. For example, “pick” is a tool of prying the lock. It can refer to “thief”. 4) To use raw materials to take the place of finished products. For instance, “poppy” is a kind of flower, but it also refers to “opium”. 5) To use characteristics to take the place of objects. For example, “hellow” is a greeting word, and it is also a euphemism for “prostitute” because prostitutes often use this word to solicit the whoremasters。 breast→milk bottles。 to bribe→to grease somebody?s palm。 to defecate and to urinate→to wash one?s hands, to ease or relieve oneself, to do one?s business。 fart→wind from behind。 to dismiss→to give somebody the sack。 “l(fā)ies” is called “showing difficulty in distinguishing between imaginary and factual material”。 “thrift” is used instead of “economical”,“defecate” replaces “shift” and “urine” replaces “piss” . And “mad” is replaced by “crazy”, “insane”, and “l(fā)unatic”. Such euphemism aims to use the appreciative term to take the place of the derogatory term. . Negation Such euphemism uses the contrary term to express the same meaning, and it could be more useful than synonym in replacing the taboo and make people more understandable and fortable. We could call stupid people unwise people. “A fat chance” means “a slim chance”and “find words” stands for “bad words” . Vague words and expressions That is to make the harsher or offensive words more general. For example, if somebody has some mental problems, we can express it like this: His roof leaks a little。 V. D. (venereal disease) →secret disease。 prostitute→a woman of the streets, a woman of a certain class, a painted woma n, a lady of the night girl。 a man of bad taste→a man of doubtful taste。 buttocks→behind, bottom, backsides。 Native words “shit” and “piss” are all dirty words, while Latin word “defecation” and Greek word “urination” are all accepted easily. . Understatement That is to state some serious things in a temperate way in order to avoid being awkward and strident[9] . For example, “She was neither quite pretty nor quiet plain.” “Plain” is used instead of “ugly”。 money for bribery→kickback, mission。 an ugly girl→a plain or homely girl。 old age→advanced in age. . The variety of pronunciation and spelling form English is an alphabetic writing. The variation of phoic form can avoid the original conception in a certain degree and achieve the purpose of euphemism. 1) Compounding: gezunda (goes under). 2) Acronym: DA (drug addict), KG (know gambler), (balance of time), (juvenile delinquent), P and Q (peace and quiet). 3) Backformation: burgle (burgler) 4) chipping: vamp (vampire), homo (homosexual), gents (Gentlemen?s Room), and ladies (Ladies Room)[10]. There is an interesting example: “l(fā)aboratory”, the original stress was on the first syllable. But it sounded similarly to “l(fā)avatory”. In order to avoid the unpleasant connection, the stress was moved to the second 英語 畢業(yè)論文 v syllable. Such phenomenon is called Assonance. That is to make use of or to create words, which have the same or similar pronunciations with euphemistic words in order to achieve the purpose of euphemism. Therefore, in English there is a way of personification to express “catamenia”: The captain is at home. It is because “captain” is assonant with the medical science term “catamenia”. In oral English, “pee” is used to refer to “piss”, which has the same reason. . Grammar That is to use past tense, negative sentence to express euphemism. For example, I can see by your face that you don?t think that was wise. The negative form means “thinking that was foolish”。 to pass away/ on。 to be interred. “Death” also has some humorous expressions: “to pop off。 to pay the debt of nature。 to yield up the ghost。 “funeral” is called “memorial service”。 “constipation” is called “irregularity”. “tumour” is called “a growth”。 “harakiri” is called “happy dispatch”。 “cohabitation” has bee very mon in western society. It is also called a kind of marriage: “trial marriage” or “unmarried wife”. Nevertheless, with the sharp increase of the rate of divorce, there appeared many euphemisms for divorce: “to break up”, “to split up, and “matchruptcy” (a blending of “match” and “bankruptcy”). And the homosexuality would be called “Greek arts”, “queer”, “gay”. There is another interesting phrase “to go to Reno”. “Reno”, a small city in the west of Nevada, is famous for its easy and fast procedures of divorce. So “to go to Reno” also bees a euphemism for divorce. . The euphemisms for birth Contrary to the Chinese traditional opinion, in western countries, “being pregnant” and “having a baby” are not considered “a blessed event”. Australian English even call it “a blasted event”. In America, “to wear the apron high”, “to wear/have the belly high” are euphemisms for “to be pregnant”, while in Britain, “to wear the bustle wrong” is a euphemism for “to be pregnant”. In 19th century, a slim waist is the ideal figure for British women. Therefore, “to be pregnant” is also called “to be awkward”, “in a bad way/shape”。 automobile engineer。 sales engineer。 prison guard→correctional officer。 “Prostitute” also has many euphemisms, such as pavement princess, working girl, streetwalker, call girl, business girl etc. 2). Derivation. That is to choose some Latin and Greek prefixes whose meanings refer to “a person”, such as “(o) logist”. “mixologist” is a euphemism for “a bar?s waiter”。 cobbler for shoetrician。 “bankruptcy” is called “out of the gam