【正文】 高。在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，節(jié)理和層理對(duì)破巖有很大影響。但這種效應(yīng)非常小，因?yàn)椴傻V的時(shí)候周圍溫度變化小。其中最重要的因素是： (1)約束力， (2)空隙中的流體壓力， (3)溫度， (4)加壓的速度，約束力的增加 (如隨著高地 表深度的增加或在破巖機(jī)具的作用下而使其增加 )，使嚴(yán)石的強(qiáng)度增加。無約束時(shí)巖石拉伸破壞所消耗的能量最少，在破巖過程中如巖石受到較高的壓應(yīng)力場(chǎng)的約束時(shí)，破巖能量需要有所增加。 為了破巖，必須用直接或間接的方式向巖石施加能量。 the minimurd total quantity of explosive is required 。附錄 外文翻譯 APPLICATION OF BLASTING IN DRIVING TUNNEL 1 FRAGMENTATION Fragmentation is the breaking of coal, ore,or rock by blasting so that the bulk of the material is small enough to load, handle and would be at its best when the debris is not smaller than necessary for handling and not so large as to require hand breaking or secondary blasting . Energy must be supplied to rock by direct or indirect means to fragment that rock and the type of loading energy is consumed by the main mechanisms: (1) creation of new surface area (fracture energy), (2)friction (plasticity) and (3)elastic wave enegy dispersion. The loading method determines the relative proportions and the amount of energy consumed in fragmenting a given rock type. Unonfined tensile failure consumes the least energy with an increasing a,mount of energy required as the rock is more highly confined within a pressive stress field during fragmentation The way energy is applied by tools to cause rock or mineral fragmentation is important in deter mining fragmentation efficiency. To best design fragmentation tools and optimize fragmentation systems it would be desirable to know how rock properties influence breakage. The strength of rock is influenced by the environmental conditions imposed on the of most importance in rock are (1)confining pressure ,(2)pore fluid pressure, (3)temperature and (4)rate of load application .Increase in confining pressure, as with increasing depth beneath th earth39。 and advancing the ralls. ventilation arrangements, and power supplies ready for the next cycle of operations. The basic principle of tunnel blasting ,in its simplest term, is to loosen a volume of the virgin rock in such a way that when it is removed the line of the tunnel has advance in the correct direction with as nearly as possible the correct crosssection. The dilling pattern in which the holes to receive the explosives are drilled into the working face is designed so that :the holes are easy to drill。這樣的破巖才算最佳。 裝藥的方法決定破碎某種已知巖石時(shí)上述三方面的相對(duì)比例和所消耗的能量。 巖石的強(qiáng)度受到周圍環(huán)境的影響。巖石溫度的增加使巖石的強(qiáng)度降低。這體現(xiàn)在巖石的結(jié)構(gòu)上，包括集合巖石組分的結(jié)構(gòu)或形狀以及巖石的物理特性或機(jī)械特性巖石的結(jié)構(gòu)不僅與礦物組分的方向及其薄弱面有關(guān)，而且與其非 連續(xù)性、微觀裂隙和孔隙 的構(gòu)造有關(guān)。最古老的裝藥方法是用炮棍裝藥，這種方法至今仍廣泛使用。就漿狀炸藥而 論，已發(fā)明了一些專用的泵送方法，這種方法對(duì)于大孔徑炮眼的裝藥能力實(shí)際上是很高的。裝藥時(shí)雷管必須送到炮眼中的準(zhǔn)確位置。一臺(tái)裝藥器包括腳踏閥，帶風(fēng)管的減壓閥、分風(fēng)管、連接管和裝藥軟管。半自動(dòng)裝藥器的裝藥能力比普通的裝藥器高得多。注藥器的操作是用一個(gè)噴射器經(jīng) — 很軟管把炸藥吸出，然后再通 過這根裝藥軟管將炸藥吹入炮眼入。 奈特羅諾貝爾 (硝化諾貝爾 )公司曾創(chuàng)造一項(xiàng)專用泵送炸藥的工藝，它包括一臺(tái)直接把炸藥泵入炮眼的槽車。 輪廓線鉆眼法，是最早的控制爆破法，這種方法是沿巷道 (最終 )輪廓線打一排 緊密相鄰的鉆眼，形成一個(gè)有利于破碎的薄弱面。輪廓線眼的最大深度大約為 30英尺。眼底 2~3英尺處的裝藥量略比其余部分要多一些。預(yù)裂炮眼比鄰近主炮眼先起爆，以形成有利于主炮眼爆破的裂面。 緩沖爆破法是沿巖道輪廓線鉆一排直徑為 2~6英寸的炮眼，眼中裝入均勻分布的小藥卷，完全堵滿炮泥，起爆 順序與預(yù)裂爆破不同，要在主炮眼起瀑之后周邊眼才爆破。因?yàn)殂@大直徑炮眼容易準(zhǔn)直，所以緩沖爆破法采用大直徑炮眼時(shí)一次爆破深度以達(dá)一百英尺。周邊眼中裝上分布均勻的小藥卷。炮眼均填以炮泥，以防止 (在延期爆破中 )光爆炮眼爆轟時(shí)將藥包帶出。在松軟巖石中，有時(shí)需要輪廓線鉆眼方法與預(yù)裂法或緩沖爆破法結(jié)合使用。 (3)安裝支架，支護(hù)剛掘出的巷道，敷設(shè)接長軌道、風(fēng)管和電纜，為下個(gè)循環(huán)作好準(zhǔn)備工作。掏槽眼最重要。在較大斷面巷道中，斜角眼掏槽比直眼掏槽優(yōu)越，因?yàn)榕谘蹟?shù)目少掏，每掘進(jìn)一英尺巷道所需炸藥量少。對(duì)于深度較大的炮眼或難于爆破的巖石，可采用復(fù)式楔形掏槽。采用直眼掏槽，炮眼 組的深度可比斜眼掏槽大一些，因?yàn)槊坎缗诘倪M(jìn)度增加了，證明其更為經(jīng)濟(jì)。 井下巷道掘進(jìn)中炮眼布置有無數(shù)種。每茬炮的深度取決于整個(gè)掘進(jìn)循環(huán)和巷道的斷面尺寸。