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數(shù)據(jù)塊。本章開始描述 DSP 已在幾個不同領(lǐng)域的戲劇性效果的數(shù)字信號處理的世界,我們的旅程。革命性的變化已經(jīng)在廣泛的領(lǐng)域:通信,醫(yī)療成像,雷達和聲納,高保 真音樂再現(xiàn),石油勘探,僅舉幾例。s Guide to DSP 1 DSP 的廣度和深度 數(shù)字信號處理是最強大的技術(shù),將塑造二十一世紀的科學(xué)與工程之一。 DSP 教育包含兩個任務(wù):學(xué)習(xí)一般適用于作為一個整體領(lǐng)域的概念,并學(xué)習(xí)您感興趣的特定領(lǐng)域的專門技術(shù)。在大多數(shù)情況下,這些信號源于感覺來自現(xiàn)實世界的數(shù)據(jù) :地震的震動,視覺圖像,聲波等 DSP 是數(shù)學(xué),算法,并用來操縱這些信號的技術(shù)后,他們已被轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字形式。努力開拓,在四個關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域:雷達和聲納,國家安全風(fēng)險是石油勘探,可以大量資金 。而不是由軍方和政府的需求動機,DSP 的突然被帶動的商業(yè)市場。在 20 世紀 80 年代初, DSP 是研究生水平的課程,在電氣工程教授。雖然仍是電氣工程領(lǐng)域,幾乎所有的科學(xué)家和工程師有一些基本的電路設(shè)計的背景。假設(shè)你遇到一個 DSP 的問題,并把課本或其他出版物,以找到一個解決方案。國家的最先進的研究人員 需要這種詳細的數(shù)學(xué)理解的工作的理論意義。當(dāng)你通過每個應(yīng)用程序,請注意, DSP 是非??鐚W(xué)科,依托在許多相鄰領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)工作。這包括各種形式的信息:電話交談,電視信號, 計算機中的文件,和其他類型的數(shù)據(jù)。 DSP 已徹底改變電信業(yè)在許多領(lǐng)域:信號音的產(chǎn)生和檢測,頻帶的轉(zhuǎn)移,過濾,除去電源線的嗡嗡聲,從電話網(wǎng)絡(luò)等具體的例子將在這里討論:復(fù)用,壓縮和回聲控制。一個連接需要一對導(dǎo)線。每個語音信號進行采樣,每秒 8000 次,使用一個 8 位 集成 的(對數(shù)壓縮)模擬到數(shù)字的轉(zhuǎn)換。線和模擬開關(guān)是昂貴的數(shù)字邏輯門價格便宜。這些被稱為數(shù)據(jù)壓縮算法。當(dāng)壓縮到 8 千比特 /秒的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率,聲音明顯受到影響,但仍然可用的長途電話網(wǎng)絡(luò)。如果連接是幾百公里內(nèi),接收回聲所用的時間只有幾毫秒。數(shù)字信號處理攻擊這 類型的問題,通過測量返回信號,并產(chǎn)生適當(dāng)?shù)?反信號 取消違規(guī)回聲。相應(yīng)地,許多 DSP 的有關(guān)圖像和音頻處理。數(shù)字數(shù)據(jù)表示,重要的是要防止通常與模擬存儲和操作相關(guān)的退化。這樣做是為了給錄音師更大的靈活性,創(chuàng)造的最終產(chǎn)品。如果各個渠道的簡單相加,導(dǎo)致一塊聽起來體弱及攤薄,音樂家多,如果在戶外玩耍。 1020 毫秒的延遲添加回聲提供更多的適度規(guī)模聆聽室的看法。兩種方法用于計算機生成的講話:數(shù)碼錄音和聲道模擬。這是今天使用的數(shù)字語音代最常用的方法。濁音,聲帶振動產(chǎn)生周期脈沖附近的空氣進入聲樂腔。這種方法是在一個非常早期的 DSP 成功故事,講拼寫,廣泛銷售的 兒童電子學(xué)習(xí)援助。不幸的是,現(xiàn)今電腦執(zhí)行得非常糟糕時,面臨著與原始的感官數(shù)據(jù)。傳入的 音頻信號中的每個單詞是孤立的,然后分析激發(fā)和共鳴頻 率識別的類型。有巨大的財政獎勵那些生產(chǎn)成功的商業(yè)產(chǎn)品,要在這方面做的大量工作。地球物理學(xué)家已經(jīng)長探測地球所設(shè)置的爆炸 和聽回聲從巖石層深埋。在最簡單的雷達系統(tǒng),無線電發(fā)射機產(chǎn)生的無線電頻率能量的脈沖長幾微秒。發(fā)現(xiàn)對象的方向更簡單地說,你知道你指出的定向天線時收到回音。這兩個重要參數(shù)之間的沖突結(jié)果:能夠在遠距離探測的對象,并能準確地判斷一個對象的距離。這擴大了范圍,不降解的距離的決心。 聲納 聲納是一個聲音導(dǎo)航和測距的縮寫。 10 至100 公里的一個最大的經(jīng)營范圍是典型的。被動聲納最重要的應(yīng)用是在軍事監(jiān)視系統(tǒng),探測和跟蹤潛艇。有一種觀點認為,聲納比雷達簡單,因為涉及頻率較低。為了處理這些多渠道,聲納系統(tǒng)需要作為雷達的同樣龐大的運算能力。地震反射法迅速成為主要方法,為尋找石油和礦藏,今天依然如此。這可能會導(dǎo)致在層與層之間的彈跳回聲,從而導(dǎo)致在表面上被檢測的回聲的回聲。 DSP 的允許,在困難的地方,如大海,發(fā)現(xiàn)油。例如,超過10 兆字節(jié),可存儲一秒鐘的電視錄像。 醫(yī)療 在 1895 年,威廉盡管有其明顯的成功,醫(yī)用 X 射線成像由四個方面的問題是有限的,直到 DSP及相關(guān)技術(shù)在 20 世紀 70 年代 。例如,它可能是能夠從軟組織中分離出來的骨頭,但不能區(qū)分肝腫瘤。計算機斷層掃描( CT)是數(shù)字信號處理的一個典型的例 子。這些圖像表明遠遠大于傳統(tǒng)的技術(shù)細節(jié),從而顯著提高診斷和治療。這是 DSP 的好! 過去三年 X 射線的問題已經(jīng)解決了用比其他 X 射線,如無線電和聲 波穿透能量。在發(fā)射天線放在身體附近發(fā)現(xiàn)一所中學(xué)的無線電波,這種共振的結(jié)果。除了提供不同類型的軟組織之間的優(yōu)秀歧視, MRI 可提供生理信息,如血流量,通過動脈。沒有人會派修理工到火星只需要相機調(diào)整旋鈕! DSP 可以改善極為不利的條件,在幾個方面下拍攝的圖像質(zhì)量:亮度和對比度調(diào)整,邊緣檢測,降噪,重點調(diào)整,運動模糊減少,等有空間扭曲的圖像,如時遇到的是一個平面圖像一個球形的星球,也可以扭曲成一個正確的表示。商業(yè)系統(tǒng)必須是廉價的,這并不網(wǎng)格與大容量的存 儲器和高數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率。商業(yè)影像產(chǎn)品,利用這種技術(shù)的優(yōu)點包括:視頻電話,計算機程序,顯示移動的圖片和數(shù)字電視。 oil exploration, where large amounts of money could be made。s a nightmare! Much of the DSP literature is baffling even to those experienced in the field. It39。s microphone to the audiophile39。 and must be retrained for each individual speaker. While this is adequate for many mercial applications, these limitations are humbling when pared to the abilities of human hearing. There is a great deal of work to be done in this area, with tremendous financial rewards for those that produce successful mercial products. Echo Location A mon method of obtaining information about a remote object is to bounce a wave off of it. For example, radar operates by transmitting pulses of radio waves, and examining the received signal for echoes from aircraft. In sonar, sound waves are transmitted through the water to detect submarines and other submerged objects. Geophysicists have long probed the earth by setting off explosions and listening for the echoes from deeply buried layers of rock. While these applications have a mon thread, each has its own specific problems and needs. Digital Signal Processing has produced revolutionary changes in all three areas. Radar Radar is an acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging. In the simplest radar system, a radio transmitter produces a pulse of radio frequency energy a few microseconds long. This pulse is fed into a highly directional antenna, where the resulting radio wave propagates away at the speed of light. Aircraft in the path of this wave will reflect a small portion of the energy back toward a receiving antenna, situated near the transmission site. The distance to the object is calculated from the elapsed time between the transmitted pulse and the received echo. The direction to the object is found more simply。s crust could be probed with sound. Prospectors could set off an explosion and record the echoes from boundary layers more than ten kilometers below the surface. These echo seismograms were interpreted by the raw eye to map the subsurface structure. The reflection seismic method rapidly became the primary method for locating petroleum and mineral deposits, and remains so today. In the ideal case, a sound pulse sent into the ground produces a single echo for each boundary layer the pulse passes through. Unfortunately, the situation is not usually this simple. Each echo returning to the surface must pass through all the other boundary layers above where it originated. This can result in the echo bouncing between layers, giving rise to echoes of echoes being detected at the surface. These secondary echoes can make the detected signal very plicated and difficult to interpret. Digital Signal Processing has been widely used since the 1960s to isolate the primary from the secondary echoes in reflection seismograms. How did the early geophysicists manage without DSP? The answer is simple: they looked in easy places, where multiple reflections were minimized. DSP allows oil to be found in difficult locations, such as under the ocean. Image Processing Images are signals with special characteristics. First, they are a measure of a parameter over space (distance), while most signals are a measure of a parameter over time. Second, they contain a great deal of information. For example, more than 10 megabytes can be required to store one second of television video. This is more than a thousand times greater than for a similar length voice signal. Third, the final judge of quality is often a subjective human evaluation, rather than an objective criterion. These special characteristics have made image processing a distinct subgroup within DSP. Medical In 1895, Wilhelm Conrad