安全協(xié)議與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)10-wlan和gsm3g安全-預(yù)覽頁(yè)
【正文】 was published, and showed that it was extremely weak — so much so that low end equipment can probably break it in real time. ? Since July 1, 2023, the GSMA (GSM Association) mandated that GSM Mobile Phones will not support the A5/2 Cipher any longer, due to its weakness, and the fact that A5/1 is deemed mandatory by the 3GPP association. KASUMI（ A5/3） ? KASUMI algorithm is specified in a 3GPP technical specification, used in UMTS, GSM, and GPRS mobile munications systems. ? KASUMI is a block cipher with 128bit key and 64bit input and output. – Core of the KASUMI is an eightround Feistel work. – The round functions in the main Feistel work are irreversible Feistellike work transformations. – In each round the round function uses a round key which consists of eight 16bit sub keys derived from the original 128bit key using a fixed key schedule. ? In UMTS KASUMI is used in the confidentiality (f8) and integrity algorithms (f9) with names UEA1 and UIA1, respectively. ? In GSM KASUMI is used in the A5/3 key stream generator and in GPRS in the GEA3 key stream generator. A3/A8 ? Most GSM providers use a version of COMP128 for both the A3 authentication algorithm and the A8 key generation algorithm. ? … which shows a method by which COMP128 can be broken in less than a minute. ? GSM work operators are slowly migrating from COMP128 (also known as COMP1281) to COMP1282 or COMP1283. COMP128算法 ? Basic functionality Input – 16 Byte random value (challenge) – 16 Byte secret key of the mobile station Output: 12 byte – 32 bit used for authentication – 54 + 10 bit used for A5 initialization UMTS ? The Universal Mobile Telemunications System (UMTS) is one of the new 3G mobile cellular munication systems. UMTS builds on the success of the GSM system. ? The development of UMTS introduces an optional Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the work and the user whereas GSM only authenticates the user to the work (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no nonrepudiation. GSM安全 ? 密鑰 Ki和 Kc ? 算法 A A8和 A5 AuC (A3, A8, Ki, IMSI) (A5， Kc) BTS HLR (RAND, SRES, Kc) VLR (RAND, SRES, Kc) MS MSC SIM (A3, A8, IMSI, Ki, Kc) (A5, Kc) A3/A8/A5 ? 用戶身份由 SIM卡中的 IMSI唯一標(biāo)識(shí) (漫游過(guò)程中使用臨時(shí)性的 TMSI)， SIM卡中還有用戶認(rèn)證密鑰 Ki(這個(gè)密鑰在 AUC有拷貝 )和認(rèn)證算法 A3和加密密鑰產(chǎn)生算法 A8，移動(dòng)臺(tái) MS(就是手機(jī) )中有加密算法 A5。 WCDMA ? WCDMA已是當(dāng)前世界上采用的國(guó)家及地區(qū)最廣泛的，終端種類最豐富的一種 3G標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，占據(jù)全球 80%以上市場(chǎng)份額。 ? 越獄后，可以透過(guò)如 Cydia這一類包管理器，來(lái)安裝 App Store以外的擴(kuò)展軟件及外觀主題，或是完成越獄前無(wú)可能進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，如安裝 Linux系統(tǒng)。 越獄軟件 ? 越獄軟件適用于 iPhone、 iPod touch、 iPad及 Apple TV第二代上的 iOS系統(tǒng)。 :48:3121:48Jan2325Jan23 ? 1故人江海別，幾度隔山川。 。 , January 25, 2023 ? 很多事情努力了未必有結(jié)果，但是不努力卻什么改變也沒(méi)有。 :48:3121:48:31January 25, 2023 ? 1意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 2023年 1月 25日星期三 9時(shí) 48分 31秒 21:48:3125 January 2023 ? 1空山新雨后，天氣晚來(lái)秋。 :48:3121:48Jan2325Jan23 ? 1越是無(wú)能的人，越喜歡挑剔別人的錯(cuò)兒。 2023年 1月 25日星期三 下午 9時(shí) 48分 31秒 21:48: ? 1最具挑戰(zhàn)性的挑戰(zhàn)莫過(guò)于提升自
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