【正文】 構(gòu)上的作用是指施加在結(jié)構(gòu)或構(gòu)件上的力，以及引起結(jié)構(gòu)變形和產(chǎn)生內(nèi)力的原因。結(jié)構(gòu)抗力是指整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)或結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件承受作用效應(yīng)（即內(nèi)力和變形）的能力，如構(gòu)件的承載能力、剛度等。=ha式中a是指哪一段距離？答：是指受拉鋼筋合力點(diǎn)至梁受拉邊緣的距離?混凝土的變形模量有哪些表示方法?答:混凝土的變形一般有兩種:一種是受力受形。2．梁沿斜裂縫破壞的主要形態(tài)有哪幾種？其破壞特征？答：（1）斜壓破壞：破壞時(shí)，混凝土被腹剪斜裂縫分割成若干個(gè)斜向短柱而壓壞，破壞是突然發(fā)生的。隨著配筋率不同，鋼筋混凝土梁可能出現(xiàn)的破壞形態(tài)：適筋破壞，超筋破壞，少筋破壞。5．正截面承載力計(jì)算有哪些基本假定？答：有：（1）平截面假定：是指梁的變形規(guī)律符合“平均應(yīng)變平截面假定”。8．什么情況下采用雙筋截面梁？答：對(duì)于給定截面彎矩當(dāng)按單筋截面梁設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，若給定彎矩設(shè)計(jì)值過(guò)大，截面設(shè)計(jì)不能滿(mǎn)足適筋梁的適用條件（X≦0），且由于使用要求截面高度受到限制又不能增大，同時(shí)混凝土強(qiáng)度等級(jí)因條件限制不能再提高時(shí)，可采用雙筋截面。當(dāng)剪力相比彎矩較大時(shí)，主壓應(yīng)力起主導(dǎo)作用易發(fā)生斜壓破壞，其特點(diǎn)是混凝土被斜向壓壞，箍筋應(yīng)力達(dá)不到屈服強(qiáng)度。11．影響無(wú)腹筋簡(jiǎn)支梁斜截面受剪承載力的主要因素有哪些？答：主要有剪跨比、混凝土強(qiáng)度和縱筋配筋率。當(dāng)偏心距較大，且受拉鋼筋配置得不太多時(shí)，發(fā)生的破壞屬大偏壓破壞。3．簡(jiǎn)述矩形截面大偏心受壓構(gòu)件正截面承載力計(jì)算公式的使用條件？答：矩形截面大偏心受壓構(gòu)件正截面承載力計(jì)算公式的適用條件如下：1）為了保證構(gòu)件破壞時(shí)受拉區(qū)鋼筋的應(yīng)力先達(dá)到屈服強(qiáng)度，要求滿(mǎn)足：2）為了保證構(gòu)件破壞時(shí)，受壓鋼筋應(yīng)力能達(dá)到抗壓屈服強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)值，與雙筋受彎構(gòu)件相同，要求滿(mǎn)足：4．實(shí)際工程中，哪些受拉構(gòu)件可以按軸心受拉構(gòu)件計(jì)算，哪些受拉構(gòu)件可以按偏心受拉構(gòu)件計(jì)算？答：在鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)中，真正的軸心受拉構(gòu)件是罕見(jiàn)的。6．大、小偏心受拉構(gòu)件的破壞特征有什么不同？如何劃分大、小偏心受拉構(gòu)件？答：大偏心受拉構(gòu)件破壞時(shí)，混凝土雖開(kāi)裂，但還有受壓區(qū)，破壞特征與的數(shù)量有關(guān)，當(dāng)數(shù)量適當(dāng)時(shí)，受拉鋼筋首先屈服，然后受壓鋼筋應(yīng)力達(dá)到屈服強(qiáng)度，混凝土受壓邊緣達(dá)到極限應(yīng)變而破壞。當(dāng)縱向拉力N作用在鋼筋合力點(diǎn)和合力點(diǎn)范圍之間時(shí)，為小偏心受拉。此類(lèi)受扭構(gòu)件稱(chēng)為適筋受扭構(gòu)件。此類(lèi)受扭構(gòu)件稱(chēng)為超筋受扭構(gòu)件。8. 鋼筋混凝土彎剪扭構(gòu)件的鋼筋配置有哪些構(gòu)造要求？答：1）縱筋的構(gòu)造要求：對(duì)于彎剪扭構(gòu)件，受扭縱向受力鋼筋的間距不應(yīng)大于200mm和梁的截面寬度；在截面四角必須設(shè)置受扭縱向受力鋼筋，其余縱向鋼筋沿截面周邊均勻?qū)ΨQ(chēng)布置。2）箍筋的構(gòu)造要求：箍筋的間距及直徑應(yīng)符合受剪的相關(guān)要求。因?yàn)榱芽p過(guò)寬時(shí)，氣體和水分、化學(xué)介質(zhì)侵入裂縫，會(huì)引起鋼筋銹蝕，不僅削弱了鋼筋的面積，還會(huì)因鋼筋體積的膨脹，引起保護(hù)層剝落，產(chǎn)生長(zhǎng)期危害，影響結(jié)構(gòu)的使用壽命。與普通混凝土相比，預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土的劣勢(shì)是：施工需要專(zhuān)門(mén)的材料和設(shè)備、特殊的工藝，造價(jià)較高。這種結(jié)構(gòu)的預(yù)應(yīng)力筋表面涂有防銹材料，外套防老化的塑料管，防止與混凝土粘結(jié)。與普通鋼筋混凝土不同，預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土必須采用強(qiáng)度高的混凝土。（3）快硬、早強(qiáng)。（2）減少摩擦損失的措施：對(duì)于較長(zhǎng)的構(gòu)件可在兩端進(jìn)行張拉；采用超張拉工藝；在接觸材料表面涂水溶性潤(rùn)滑劑，以減小摩擦系數(shù)；提高施工質(zhì)量，減小鋼筋的位置偏差。6．公路橋涵按承載力極限狀態(tài)和正常使用極限狀態(tài)進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，在設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)考慮哪三種設(shè)計(jì)狀況？分別需做哪種設(shè)計(jì)？答：公路橋涵按承載力極限狀態(tài)和正常使用極限狀態(tài)進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，在設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)考慮以下三種設(shè)計(jì)狀況：（1）持久狀況：橋涵建成后承受自重、車(chē)輛荷載等持續(xù)時(shí)間很長(zhǎng)的狀況。（3）偶然狀態(tài)：在橋涵使用過(guò)程中偶然出現(xiàn)的狀況。解： C30混凝土，HRB335級(jí)鋼筋，并取，一類(lèi)環(huán)境，取梁的保護(hù)層mm，鋼筋直徑可按20mm估計(jì)。2．已知矩形截面梁，已配縱向受拉鋼筋4根22mm 的HRB400級(jí)鋼筋，按下列條件計(jì)算此梁所能承受的彎矩設(shè)計(jì)值。② 若由于施工原因，混凝土強(qiáng)度等級(jí)僅達(dá)到C20級(jí)，C20級(jí)混凝土。解：（1）確定計(jì)算參數(shù) ， （2）驗(yàn)算截面尺寸，屬一般梁 截面符合要求。梁中已配有雙肢 200箍筋，試求：梁在正常使用期間按斜截面承載力要求所能承擔(dān)的荷載設(shè)計(jì)值。由，則1．已知某柱兩端為不動(dòng)鉸支座，柱高H=，截面尺寸為400mm400mm，采用C20混凝土、HRB335鋼筋，柱頂截面承受軸心壓力設(shè)計(jì)值N=1692kN，確定該柱所需的縱向鋼筋截面面積。由公式得該柱所需縱向鋼筋截面面積為。解：首先，確定計(jì)算參數(shù)，查教材附錄知，HRB335鋼筋。①若上述設(shè)計(jì)條件不能改變，試進(jìn)行配筋計(jì)算。（4）配筋驗(yàn)算鋼筋間凈距，且大于鋼筋直徑25mm，滿(mǎn)足構(gòu)造規(guī)定。 rule around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process。 follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party39。 the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements。 third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to the criterion of a clean and honest administration and rule the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party passes party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party mittee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party mittee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and missions, state ministries and missions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, code and Regulations revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party39。s solemn mitment. criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the code , a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered selfdiscipline norms, etc. Part 3 members lowcost clean and selfdiscipline, the main contents can be summarized as four must eight code. Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as four must the principle of requirements, strong tone of selfdiscipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party3