【正文】 en an absence of attempt at conciliation between rival sects. (Daily Telegraph) The rival sects seem never even to have tried mutual conciliation. 對立的派別似乎從未試圖謀求和解。b) Freedomloving people everywhere condemned them because they violated the agreement reached at Helsinki and abused basic human rights in their own country. The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedomloving people everywhere. 他們違反在赫爾辛基達成的協(xié)議，在國內(nèi)踐踏基本人權(quán)，因此受到各地?zé)釔圩杂傻娜藗兊淖l責(zé)。 with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern. 他頭腦靈活，討人喜歡/很好相處，可是學(xué)習(xí)不用功；他老是東挪西借，又喜歡上酒館喝點小酒。英語造句多用各種形式手段連接，注重顯性接應(yīng)（overt cohesion），重形式，重結(jié)構(gòu)?，F(xiàn)要求學(xué)生切記圖書借還規(guī)則，并考慮其他學(xué)生的需要。2. Preparatory word: it. It hurts! (“it”: unspecified word 虛義詞) ——好疼！. It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. 我從未想到她會這么不老實。3) Bright colors and bold strokes characterize his early painting.譯：他的早期繪畫色彩明亮、筆觸大膽。漢語狀語一般放在被修飾的動詞或形容詞前面。/ 他于1980年5月27日出生于羅馬。3. Complex Sentence →Complex Sentence. Our men had gone quite a distance off before the enemy reinforcement troops came up. 我們的隊伍已經(jīng)走得很遠了，敵人的增援部隊才趕上來。. I was told not to trust what I read in the newspaper. 有人告訴我不要相信報紙上讀到的消息。Examples:1 So that39。 long lease on 10 Downing Street. 梅杰面臨嚴(yán)重的社會和經(jīng)濟問題以及關(guān)于歐洲統(tǒng)一的艱苦辯論，但是他的當(dāng)務(wù)之急將是維系保守黨的長期執(zhí)政。 it is three years since he was a high school teacher in Washington.【譯文】約翰現(xiàn)在同父母一起住在紐約；他不在華盛頓當(dāng)中學(xué)教師已有三年了。3. 要結(jié)合上下文語境進行理解：The tyrants might array their cruelty, but the people would oppose their bravery.【譯文】暴君恣意肆虐，人民則奮勇反抗。4. 要通過吃透詞語含義進行理解：While many women are fortable being close and sharing secrets, men often struggle to express their emotions in relationship with other men. 雖然許多女人對與他人親密無間，分享秘密感到舒坦，而男人卻經(jīng)?？糖笤谂c其他男人的關(guān)系中表達感情。5. 要明確詞語的具體指代進行理解：Fifty cases of woolen sweaters were shipped from Shanghai to New York. They were products of the city39。Heaven bless you, my child, said she, embracing Amelia, and scowling the while over the girl39?！薄咀g文】她摟著愛米麗亞說：“求老天保佑你，孩子?！咀g文】我抓起那支最大的畫筆，勢不可擋撲向那全無招架之力的畫布?！薄咀g文】“他的藏畫全都賣了嗎？” “有一部分畫他已經(jīng)賣了，其他的我說不準(zhǔn)。s more than that we feel human. We now feel entitled. 【譯文】我們是凡人，而凡人遠非十全十美。Transfer of Word Meaning I. Comment on the homeworkII. Choice of Wording Meanings（詞義的選擇）A. Context:A word used in a new context is a new word.一般說來，英語詞義比較靈活，詞的涵義范圍比較寬，比較豐富多變，詞義對上下文的依賴性比較大，獨立性比較小。漢語源遠流長，尤其獨特的民族文化和歷史傳統(tǒng)，用詞講求詞義精確、規(guī)范、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，歷來以詞義多流變、重晦譎為不法、誡絕生造詞義。e. Once the story got abroad, I would never hear the last of ，就會討論個沒完沒了。i. Her story is one of the 。m. You put me on the spot. I have to cook up a story this ，這回我要找借口了。b. He killed the 。f. You are killing 。i. 9. He killed time every day at the 。m. The news killed their 。 2) She rejected his advances during the trip to Cannes. 在去戛納的旅程中她拒絕了他的求愛。4. Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. 亨利總是吹噓說他曾同總統(tǒng)談過話。C. The word itself has both mendatory sense AND derogatory sense.譯者在確定詞義時必須把握措辭分寸，準(zhǔn)確地傳達其情感色彩。IV. Amplification of Word Meaning（詞義的引申）A. 虛實引申1. 具體化引申 英語中也用代表抽象概念或?qū)傩缘脑~表示具體事物，譯成漢語時一般作具體化引申（concretion) 。. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his character. 他的性格既兇暴又狡猾。V、 Register (語域) Register is a variety of language that a language user considers appropriate to a specific situation.Different groups within each culture have different expectations about what kind of language is ppropriate to particular situations. A translator must ensure that the translation matches the register expectations of its prospective receivers, unless, of course, the purpose of the translation is to give a flavor of the source culture. This might be well shown in the different versions of the following poem by Tennyson:Man for the field and woman for the hearth。 男人頭腦理智，女人感情用事。飛騎赴戎機，紅妝織錦褸。男多理智女多情，男發(fā)號令女照辦。一個成功的男人背后必然站著一位偉大的女性?！咀g文】人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法，主要是因為史學(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因為外界并不認為歷史是一門學(xué)科。：His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night. h他的煩惱經(jīng)不起安靜的良宵美景的感染力。The team is famous for its arsenal of veteran players.【譯文】這個球隊擁有眾多經(jīng)驗豐富的老隊員，很有名氣。t be any result. 即使你去了，也不會有什么結(jié)果?！咀g文】外國的干涉因此而名正言順?！咀g文】他已是鬢發(fā)斑白，肩負重任，思緒萬千，焦慮滿懷?！咀g文】我們要心胸開闊，善于忍讓，才能學(xué)會正確評價與自己不同的人。【譯文】年青的法國士兵一見拿破侖就兩腳喀嚓一聲并攏，立正敬禮。Translation skills－Converting◇Teaching Contents:Owing to the different thinking styles and language habits of English and Chinese, some parts of speech have to be converted into others during translating to convey the proper meaning of the original. Mainly there are four ways of such converting:I. Converting into VerbsA. Nouns Converted into Verbs1. Nouns derived from verbs（動詞派生的名詞）. The 1967 UN document called for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the Israeli withdrawal from West Bank and Gaza Strip. 1967年聯(lián)合國文件要求以色列從約旦河西岸和加沙地帶撤軍以解決中東沖突。在漢語中沒有對應(yīng)的名詞時，往往譯為動詞。B. Prepositions Converted into Verbs. Did you see the boy in blue? 你看到那個穿藍衣服的男孩了嗎？. Drug taking is against the law. 吸毒是違法的。D. Adverbs Converted into Verbs. With only one day off in a week, working people barely had enough time to arrange the household. 一周只休息一天（一周只有一天休息），上班族幾乎沒有足夠的時間安排家務(wù)。B. Adjectives Converted into Nouns. Crying is considered to be characteristic of woman.人們認為愛哭是女人的特點。C. Adverbs Converted into Nouns. Nowadays many people in the society are materially rich but spiritually poor. 當(dāng)今社會中，有許多人物質(zhì)富有卻精神空虛。IV. Converting into AdverbsA. Adjectives Converted into Adverbs:. Only when we study their properties can we make better use of these materials. 只有研究這些材料的特點才能更好地利用它們。s deep in its understanding of human emotions.3. Independent observers have mented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction.4. Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.5. No wonder the sight of it should