【正文】 《英漢翻譯理論與實(shí)踐1》課程講稿黃山學(xué)院外語(yǔ)系課程講稿專(zhuān)業(yè)名稱： 英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè) 課程名稱：《英漢翻譯理論與實(shí)踐1》 主導(dǎo)教材：馮慶華，《實(shí)用翻譯教程》授課教師： 程汕姍  A Brief Introduction to Translation ◇Teaching Contents:I. Discussion:l What is translation?l What is a successful translation?l What difficulties might occur in translating process?A. What is translation?1. Key words:source language(SL) / receptor language / target language(TL)。 reproduce。 message / information。 equivalence / correspondence 2. Nature of translation Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida)德國(guó)譯學(xué)教授Wolfram Wilss 在The Science of Translation：Problems amp。 Methods一書(shū)中說(shuō)：Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Translating is always meaningbased, . it is the transfer of meaning instead of form from the source language to the target language.（翻譯不只是在另一種語(yǔ)言中尋找意義相似的其他詞語(yǔ)，而是尋找表達(dá)事物的適當(dāng)方式。翻譯始終立足于語(yǔ)義，也就是說(shuō)，是語(yǔ)義從源語(yǔ)到譯語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換，而不是形式。） 這說(shuō)明了翻譯是語(yǔ)義的翻譯，不是語(yǔ)言形式的翻譯，是運(yùn)用另一種語(yǔ)言的適當(dāng)方式來(lái)表達(dá)一種語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，而不是在另一種語(yǔ)言中尋找與一種語(yǔ)言中含義相似的某些詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)。翻譯必須跳出原文語(yǔ)言層面的束縛，必須著眼于傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容和意義。換句話說(shuō)，翻譯的基本單位應(yīng)該是語(yǔ)篇，而不是詞語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)，語(yǔ)言的實(shí)際使用單位是語(yǔ)篇這樣的言語(yǔ)單位，而不是詞語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)這樣的語(yǔ)法單位。實(shí)際使用的語(yǔ)篇有可能是一個(gè)句子、一個(gè)句段、一個(gè)句群，也有可能是一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)。翻譯作為語(yǔ)言交際的一種形式，其實(shí)質(zhì)是用一種語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)篇材料代替另一種語(yǔ)言與其意義對(duì)等的語(yǔ)篇材料。翻譯是運(yùn)用一種語(yǔ)言把另一種語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容和意義準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)。3. Classification of translation:a. Oral interpretation / written translationb. Human translation / machine translationc. Literary / scientific / political / mercial translationd. Domestication (naturalization) / foreignization (estrangement, alienation)e. Literal translation / free translationB. What is a successful translation?1. 嚴(yán)復(fù)：信、達(dá)、雅 (faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance)2. 傅雷：以效果而論，翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)象臨畫(huà)一樣，所求的不在形似而在神似3. 錢(qián)鐘書(shū)：誘、訛、化4. Eugene A. Nida: natural / close。 dynamic/functional equivalenceC. What difficulties might occur in translating process?Language / Cultural BarriersTranslatability is lower when (1) the work to be translated is quite distant both in time and space。 (2) its form is very much unique。 (3) the content is not shared in the two cultures. → Betrayal: Loss / Distortion1. Understandingi. Word meaningExample analysisMillet made a portrait of Lady Chesterfield, which flattered her. 米勒為了逢迎柴斯特菲爾德夫人而替她畫(huà)了一幅像。（原文中的 flatter 意為 “ 超過(guò) ”[to make better looking than the reality] ，將其譯為 “ 逢迎 ” 是理解上的錯(cuò)誤。）米勒給柴斯特菲爾德夫人畫(huà)了一幅像，該像之美簡(jiǎn)直超過(guò)了她本人。ii. Sentence structureExample analysisThe traditionalist type of poser begins with a pattern rather than with a theme. The creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a wellestablished pattern.【原譯】傳統(tǒng)主義型作曲家始于某種格調(diào)而非某種主題。帕萊斯特里納的創(chuàng)作行為不太像對(duì)固定格調(diào)進(jìn)行個(gè)性化處理的主題概念?！靖淖g】傳統(tǒng)型作曲家是從形式出發(fā)而不是從主題出發(fā)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作的。帕萊斯特里納的創(chuàng)作不是主題的構(gòu)思，而是對(duì)固定形式的個(gè)性化處理。iii. Background knowledgeExample analysisThen he was off to Columbia Business School , where he found his Rosetta Stone of investing. (Roger Lowenstein: An Unassuming Billionaire ) Rosetta Stone 是古埃及石，意為 “ 提供線索 ” ，這兒喻指 “ 幫助了解難題的事物 ” 。后來(lái)他進(jìn)了哥倫比亞商學(xué)院，在那里找到了自己的投資指南。2. Expressingi. Literal translation Vs. liberal translationLiteral translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech.Liberal Translation mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence pattern or figures of speech.Example analysisTo kill two birds with one stone.直譯：一石二鳥(niǎo)意譯：一箭雙雕，一舉兩得樹(shù)倒猢猻散直譯：When the tree falls, the monkeys scatter.意譯：Members run away when the family falls. / Rats leave a sinking ship.ii. Free translationExample analysisThis was one of the secrets of his great popularity, but it was a popularity which was as unsettled as the waves. It swelled, and bubbled, and foamed for a while, only to recede, and be lost to its former possessor. 【原譯】這是他名噪一時(shí)的一個(gè)秘密，但這種名聲如同波濤一樣起伏不定：在短暫的時(shí)間內(nèi)如日中天，盛極一時(shí)，炙手可熱，但轉(zhuǎn)瞬間又煙消云散，終于在原來(lái)有些聲望的人身上消失了?！靖淖g】這是他名噪一時(shí)的一個(gè)秘密，但這種名聲如同波濤一樣起伏不定：一時(shí)間奔騰高漲，洶涌澎拜，轉(zhuǎn)瞬間又一落千丈，終于在原來(lái)享有這種聲望的人身上蕩然無(wú)存。iii. TranslationeseExample analysisThe only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket. 【原譯】他對(duì)氣候的唯一讓步就是穿了一件白色的短餐衣?！靖淖g】氣候變化，他僅稍稍作了一點(diǎn)變通，赴宴時(shí)穿了件白色的短禮服。iv. Cohesion and coherenceExample analysisThere was a menu , but it didn’t make any difference , everything tasted the same. Monumental portion. You’d stand up at the end and want to die. (M. Lurie , A Beacon in the Night)【原譯】那兒有菜單，可沒(méi)什么區(qū)別。所有東西味道都一樣。份量驚人，你最后會(huì)站起來(lái)想死。 【改譯】那兒是有菜單，可完全派不上用場(chǎng)，因?yàn)樗袞|西味道都一樣。只是份量驚人，你吃完后一站起身來(lái)就會(huì)感覺(jué)脹得要死。D. How can we improve our translation?1. English reading2. Chinese writing3. Translation practiceII. The Role of Translator:The craft of translator is … deeply ambivalent。 it is exercised in a radical tension between impulses to facsimile and impulses to appropriate recreation. — George Steiner譯者的技藝是一個(gè)深刻的矛盾體。這種技藝是在兩種沖動(dòng)的極度張力之間形成的：一方面是依樣畫(huà)葫蘆的沖動(dòng)，另一方面又有適當(dāng)再創(chuàng)作的沖動(dòng)。A. Metaphors for translator:1. A courier of the human spirits （普希金）2. A sculptor who tries to recreate a work of painting3. A straitjacketed dancer4. A musician / an actor5. Traduttoritraditori (Translators are traitors.)B. Responsibility of translator:1. Competent linguistic ability amp。 bicultural knowledge2. Being as transparent as possible3. Being a good negotiatorIII. The Development of Translation in China:翻譯史上的三個(gè)高峰期：1. 漢至唐宋佛經(jīng)的轉(zhuǎn)譯：支謙；鳩摩羅什；道安；玄奘 2. 明清以后西歐科技文化的引進(jìn)：徐光啟；嚴(yán)復(fù)；林紓；（譯才并世數(shù)嚴(yán)林－康有為）3. 五四之后的現(xiàn)代階段：郭沫若；魯迅；瞿秋白；傅雷；錢(qián)鐘書(shū)Contrast between English and Chinese (1) ◇Teaching Contents:I. Thinking Style and