【正文】 onal, . increasing volume (amount of data), velocity (speed of data in and out), and variety (range of data types and sources). Gartner, and now much of the industry, continue to use this 3Vs model for describing big data.[20] In 2012, Gartner updated its definition as follows: Big Data are highvolume, highvelocity, and/or highvariety information assets that require new forms of processing to enable enhanced decision making, insight discovery and process optimization.[21]在2001年的研究報(bào)告和相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)中，META Group（現(xiàn)在的Gartner）的分析師Doug Laney將數(shù)據(jù)增長的挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇定義成三維方式，即總量（數(shù)據(jù)量）、速度（數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)出（變化）的速度）和多樣性（數(shù)據(jù)類型和數(shù)據(jù)源的范圍）。Science and research216。一旦大型的天文望遠(yuǎn)鏡，SDSS的繼任者，在2016年上線，預(yù)計(jì)它將每5天采集的數(shù)據(jù)量。 now it can be achieved in one week.[5]解碼人體基因原來需要10年的時(shí)間，現(xiàn)在它能在1周之內(nèi)完成。該研究的作者考差了在2010年終45個(gè)國家的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶的Google查詢?nèi)罩静⒂?jì)算了來年（2011年）搜索數(shù)量與去年（2009年）搜索數(shù)量的比率，這個(gè)比率被他們稱之為“未來取向指數(shù)”。 In 2012, the Obama administration announced the Big Data Research and Development Initiative, which explored how big data could be used to address important problems facing the government.[27] The initiative was posed of 84 different big data programs spread across six departments.[28]在2012年，奧巴馬政府宣布了大數(shù)據(jù)研究和開發(fā)計(jì)劃，探索如何使用大數(shù)據(jù)來解決政府面臨的問題。 Private sector216。216。Developed economies make increasing use of dataintensive technologies. There are billion mobilephone subscriptions worldwide and there are between 1 billion and 2 billion people accessing the internet.[5] Between 1990 and 2005, more than 1 billion people worldwide entered the middle class which means more and more people who gain money will bee more literate which in turn leads to information growth. The world39。全球通過電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)交換的有效信息在1986年是281PB，在1993年是471PB，在2000年是65 EB，預(yù)計(jì)到2013年互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的流量將超過每年667EB。Some but not all MPP relational databases have the ability to store and manage petabytes of data. Implicit is the ability to load, monitor, back up, and optimize the use of the large data tables in the RDBMS.[33]一些但并不是全部MPP關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫具備存儲(chǔ)和管理petabytes級數(shù)據(jù)的能力。這些特質(zhì)不符合大數(shù)據(jù)分析系統(tǒng)的要求，即要滿足促進(jìn)性能提高、商品化基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和低成本的要求。用于分析應(yīng)用規(guī)模的SAN的成本遠(yuǎn)高于其他形式的存儲(chǔ)技術(shù)。The White House Big Data Initiative also included a mitment by the Department of Energy to provide $25 million in funding over 5 years to establish the Scalable Data Management, Analysis and Visualization (SDAV) Institute,[40] led by the Energy Department’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The SDAV Institute aims to bring together the expertise of six national laboratories and seven universities to develop new tools to help scientists manage and visualize data on the Department’s superputers.白宮的大數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)劃還包括能源部承諾的提供2500萬美元的資金在5年內(nèi)建立可擴(kuò)展的數(shù)據(jù)管理、分析和可視化（SDAV）研究所，由能源部的勞倫斯伯克利國家實(shí)驗(yàn)室主導(dǎo)。Critiquedanah Boyd has raised concerns about the use of big data in science neglecting principles such as choosing a representative sample by being too concerned about actually handling the huge amounts of data.[43] This approach may lead to results biased in one way or another. Integration across heterogeneous data resources — some that might be considered big data and others not — presents formidable logistical as well as analytical challenges, but many researchers argue that such integrations are likely to represent the most promising new frontiers in science.[44] Broader critiques have also been levelled at Chris Anderson39。Broader critiques have also been levelled at Chris Anderson39。Consumer privacy advocates are concerned about the threat to privacy represented by increasing storage and integration of personally identifiable informat