【正文】 9。s the lineup? How do all the stories start? Once upon a time, in a far away land... oh, in the case of folk tales, each story teller would specify a particular location and time, though the time and location would differ for different story tellers. With fairy tales, however, the location is generally unspecified, no matter who the story teller is. That land far away... We39。t know anything more about them. But in fairy tales, people no longer have to remember plots. They39。s worth investing that energy because the story, now in book form, isn39。s always there in a book, waiting to be discovered, again and again. Another interesting difference involves the change in audience. Who the stories are meant for? Contrary to what many people believe today, folk tales were originally intended for adults, not for children. So why is it that fairy tales seem targeted toward children nowadays? 。t be fotten. If a folk tale isn39。s houses were like, ur, whether they39。s now Germany, recording local folk tales. These were eventually published as fairy tales, but not before undergoing a process of evolution. Now, a number of things happen when an oral tale gets written down. First, the language changes. It bees more formal, more standard some might say, less colorful. It39。s another mon element, royalty a prince or princess. And fairy tales all seem to take place in a location that39。s a folk tale? How would you characterize them? Jeff? Jeff: Well, they are old stories, traditional stories. They were passed down orally within cultures from generation to generation, so they changed a lot over time. I mean, every story teller, or, maybe every town, might have had a slightly different version of the same folk tale. Professor: That39。s not invasive. You don39。ve got to find out what39。re trying to verify that39。ve got the question: Is the painting a Rembrandt? So first, you39。s got a problem: she39。s interesting how spectroscopy is used to analyze art. Er... let39。s like, um, well, every element has, what we call, its own spectral signature. If we can read that signature, we can identify the element. And that39。m gonna take a little time this morning to discuss it. So, you know the assignment has to do with Spectroscopy, right? And your reading should help you get a good idea of what that39。s ing out so ... I39。s called spectrum, a band of colors, like you see in a rainbow. And all substances, all forms of matter, can be distinguished according to what wavelength of light they absorb and which ones they reflect. It39。m interested in the art and to me it39。s say, a Rembrandt. And she wants to acquire it for her museum. But she39。s authentic? Okay. Think about the scientific process. You39。d have to know when he created his paintings, um... what pigments he used, in other words, what ingredients he used to make different colors of paint, cost the ingredients used in paints and binding agents plus varnishes, finishes, what have you, have changed over time. Since you39。s where chemistry es in. You39。t have painted it. Now, Spectroscopy has a very distinct advantage over previous methods of analyzing our works, because it39。s a strong connection between these two genres, these two types of stories. In fact, many fairy tales started out as folk tales. So, what39。s why we say folk tales are munal. By munal, we mean they reflect the traits and the concerns of a particular munity at a particular time. So essentially the same tale could be told in different munities, with certain aspects of the tale adapted to fit the specific munity. Um, not the plot, the details of what happens in the story would remain constant. That was the thread that held the tale together. But all the other elements, like the location or characters, might be modified for each audience. Okay. So what about fairy tales? Th…they also are found in most cultures, but how are they different from folk tales? I guess the first question is: what is a fairy tale? And don?t anyone say “a story with a fairy in it” because we all know that very few fairy tales actually have those tiny magical creatures in them. But, what else can we say about them? Mary. Mary: Well, they seem to be less realistic than folk tales…like they have something improbable happening a frog turning into a prince, say. Oh, that39。ll e back to this point in a few minutes. Student: Um... I, I thought that a fairy tale was just a written version of an oral folk tale. Professor: Well, not exactly, though that is how many fairy tales developed. For example, in the late 18th century, the Grimm Brothers traveled throughout what39。re written down, right? So more energy can be put into other elements of the story like character and setting. So you get more details about the characters, about where the action takes place, what people39。t in danger of being lost. Those details w