【正文】 e size of the profit (200,000) is material based on the operating profit, as it accounts for % of operating profit. But the size of net assets makes the sale of building immaterial.(c) DisclosureUnder CAS, the profit on sale of tangible noncurrent assets may be disclosed separately depending on size. As discussed above, the net profit on sale is % of operating profit and so could be deemed to be significant。 (2) Relative Size。 可容忍誤差 Riskbased approach：audit riskbased approach, business riskbased approach2．了解被審單位Understanding the entity and knowledge of the businessThe CPA should obtain a level of knowledge of the client’s business that will enable effective planning and performance of the audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. This knowledge helps the auditor in (1) Identifying areas that may need special consideration(2) Assessing conditions under which accounting data are produced, processed, reviewed and accumulated(3) Evaluating accounting estimates for reasonableness (., valuation of inventories, depreciation, allowance for doubtful accounts, percentage of pletion of longterm contracts)(4) Evaluating the reasonableness of management representations(5) Making judgments about the appropriateness of the accounting principles applied and the adequacy of disclosures3．估計重大錯報或舞弊的風險Assessing the risks of material misstatement and fraud從2007年會計、審計兩門課的英語加試題判斷，出業(yè)務核算和以計算為主的專業(yè)題的可能性較大。有一定英語基礎（大學英語四、六級水平，掌握一定的財經英語詞匯），打算選答英語附加題的考生朋友應該合理規(guī)劃和安排時間，在考試時認真閱讀試卷首頁的特別提示和答題導語，爭取盡可能多的在英語附加題上拿分。財政部CPA考試委員會將逐步推廣英文附加題到其他考試科目中。n更多企業(yè)學院： 《中小企業(yè)管理全能版》183套講座+89700份資料《總經理、高層管理》49套講座+16388份資料《中層管理學院》46套講座+6020份資料這一變化主要是為了滿足中國經濟和行業(yè)發(fā)展對國際型人才的需要。英語附加題要求用英語回答，所以考生朋友們一定要根據本人英語水平選擇作答。題型可能包括：名詞解釋，英漢互譯，問答（理論性的或業(yè)務性的）。 Audit risks = inherent risk control risk detection risk(1) Inherent risk refers to the likelihood of material misstatement of an assertion, assuming no related internal control. This risk differs by account and assertion.(2) Control risk is the likelihood that a material misstatement will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control. This risk is assessed using the results of tests of control.(3) Detection risk is the likelihood that an auditor’s procedures lead to an improper conclusion that no material misstatement exists in an assertion when in fact such a misstatement does exist. The auditor’s substantive tests are primarily relied upon to restrict detection risk.審計風險=重大錯報風險檢查風險Audit risks = material misstatement risk detection risk練習：The auditors assessed a bined inherent risk and control risk at and said they wanted to achieve a risk of failing to detect misstatements in an account equal to the ￥17,000 tolerable misstatement assigned to the account. What detection risk do the auditors plan to use for planning the remainder of the audit work? (3) as a guide for making decisions about the audit report. Materiality in auditing is perceived in terms of both potential misstatement (in a planning sense) and known or estimated misstatement (in an evaluation and reporting decision sense).Auditors must examine both quantitative and qualitative factors when assessing materiality. Some of the mon factors auditors use in making materiality judgments are: (1) Absolute Size。 (5) Uncertainty。 Rely on the work of internal audit三、內部控制Internal controlInternal control is a process effected by an entity’s board of directors, management, and other personnel—designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories: (1) reliability of financial reporting, (2) effectiveness and efficiency of operations, and (3) pliance with applicable laws and regulations.Five ponents of internal control(1) control environment(2) risk assessment(3) control activities(4) information and munication(5) monitoring 1．內部控制系統(tǒng)評價內部控制系統(tǒng)評價The evaluation of internal control systems Inventory: counting, cutoff, confirmation of inventory held by third parties(2)tolerable error rate （sample size varies inversely with the tolerable error rate）；when being used in test of controls, tolerable error rate is tolerable deviation rate(可容忍控制偏差率)。sample size。(21700/75068) = 948For stratum 3, PPM = (66) 247。賬戶余額中預期將會發(fā)現(xiàn)錯報，約翰用下列PPS樣表。60=12000（3）Projected misstatements＝17600（4）Basic precision＝Sampling interval（選樣間距）Reliability Factor（高估錯報中的風險系數(shù)）＝120003＝36000（5）Incremental allowance＝11754PPS抽樣示例Example of PPS Systematic Sample SelectionAssume Kingston has $30,000 accounts receivable in 15 customer accounts, and you want to select a sample of 10 dollar units, which gives you a skip interval 3,000 (30000/10).We start with a random number between 1 and 3000, say 722.四、復核Review△期后事項Subsequent events△持續(xù)經營Going concern△管理層聲明Management representations△終結審計和最后復核：未調整差異Audit finalization and the final review: unadjusted differences五、審計報告Reporting2008年審計輔導教材P510Examples for audit report(1) Standard unqualified reportIndependent Auditor’s ReportTo: Board of Directors and Stockholders (2) selecting and applying appropriate accounting policies。 ABC CompanyWe have audited the acpanying financial statements of ABC Co., Ltd. (hereafter ABC Company) , which prise the balance sheet as at December 31, 2007, and the ine statement, statement of changes in equity and the cash flow statement for the year then ended, and the related notes. 1. Management’s responsibility Management is responsible for the preparation and the fair presentation of these financial statements in accordance with China’s Generally Accepted Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises and Accounting Regulations For Business Enterprises. This responsibility includes: (1) designing, carrying out and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error。16