【正文】 Indian tribes as Characters, and great wars and westward migration as social background. The novels bring to life frontier America from 1740 to 1804. B. James Fenimore Cooper (17891851) Major Works 1) The Pioneers拓荒者 (1823): Natty Bumppo first appears as a seasoned scout in advancing years, with the dying Chingachgook, the old Indian chief and his faithful rade, as the eastern forest frontier begins to disappear and Chingachgook dies. 2) The Last of the Mohicans最后的莫希干人 (1826): An adventure of the French and Indian Wars in the Lake Gee county. 3) The Prairie大草原 (1827): Set in the new frontier where the Leatherstocking dies. 4) The Pathfinder(1840): Continuing the same border warfare in the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario county. 5) The Deerslayer(1841): Early adventures with the hostile Hurons on Lake Otsego, NY. ? It is a 19thcentury movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought. ? The overall movement shared similar philosophies. These philosophies rested on the Lockian concept of Idealism and Kant39。s code of ethics and rely on personal intuition in order to reach absolute goodness, or Absolute Truth. ? It was indebted to the dual heritage of American Puritanism. That is to say, it was in actuality romanticism on the puritan soil. 1. Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803 1882) 2. philosophy: 1) Strongly he felt the need for a new national vision. 2) He firmly believes in the Oversoul 超靈 and thought that the universe was posed of Nature and the Soul. One could find redemption贖回，補(bǔ)救，兌現(xiàn) only in one‘s own soul. 3) The individual, not the crowd, is the most important of all. That means to say he advocates the infinitude無限 of private man (transcendental individualism). 4) To his eyes, the physical world was vitalistic生機(jī)論的 and evolutionary. Nature is the symbol of spirit. 2. His Masterpiece: ? Nature 3. Evaluation to him: 1) He was the first American to call for an independent culture in both Nature and The American Scholar.(America‘s Declaration of Intellectual Independence).He called on American writers to write about America in a way peculiarly American. 2) Emerson‘s aesthetics places emphasis on ideas, symbol, and imaginative words, which brought about a revolution in American literature in general and in American poetry in particular. 3) He embodied表現(xiàn)，象征 a new nation‘s desire and struggle to assert its own identity in its formative 形成的，發(fā)展的 period. 4) In modern times he is sometimes dismissed自心中擯除，不再考慮 /談?wù)? as having no sense of evil, and his optimistic philosophy as so much Transcendentalist folly愚蠢的行為，思想，做法 . 1) Henry David Thoreau(1817 1862) 2) was one of the three great American authors of the 19th century who had no contemporary readers and yet became great in the 20th century, the other two being Herman Melville and Emily Dickinson. 3) His masterpiece ―Walden‖ holds that the most important thing for men to do is to be selfsufficient and strive to achieve personal spiritual perfection. He has been regarded as a prophet先知 of individualism in American literature. Walden can be read on more than one level. It is a book of essays put together,exploring subjects concerned with Nature, with the meaning of life,and with morality. Threau had three purposes in writing this book: to make the readers evaluate the way he lived and thought, to reveal the hidden spiritual possibilities in everyone39。 可是，心?。⌒陌。⌒陌。? 哦．殷紅的血滴流瀉， 在甲板上，那里躺著我的船長(zhǎng)， 他已倒下，已死去，已冷卻。 這里，船長(zhǎng)！親愛的父親！ 你頭顱下邊是我的手臂！ 這是甲板上的一場(chǎng)夢(mèng)啊， 你已倒下，已死去，已冷卻。 Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual. ② Whitman is ―national‖ in his outlook, Dickinson is ―regional‖. In forms: Whitman uses endless, allinclusive catalogs。 and nature and death as the most important. Nature Dickinson, like Thoreau, studied the natural world, seeing beauty in its mon features and truth in its functions. Her poems reveal her habit of close observation and her wideranging knowledge that enpasses not only the familiar landscape, but bird and animal behavior, the cycle of the seasons, and atmospheric events. ?Death Because I Could Not Stop for Death— a) Hawthorne b) TwiceTold Tales 1837 《 故事重述 》 c) Mosses from an Old Manse 1843 d) The Scarlet Letter 1850《 紅字 》 e) The House of the Seven Gables 1851《 七個(gè)尖角閣的房子 》 f) The Blithedale Romance 1852《 福谷傳奇 》 g) The Marble Faun 1860《 大理石雕像 》 h) “Young Goodman Brown” 《 好小伙兒布朗 》 i) “The Minister?s Black Veil” 《 教長(zhǎng)的黑面紗 》 j) “Dr. Rappacini?s Daughter” 《 拉普齊尼博士的女兒 》 ? His later works show some Transcendentalist influence, including a belief in individual choice and consequence, and an emphasis on symbolism. As America39。 dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic tale on a universal theme. ? Reasons for Hawthorne39。s writings look ahead to Henry James, William Faulkner, and Robert Penn Warren Major Themes in Hawthorne?s Fiction ： ? Alienation a character is in a state of isolation because of selfcause, or societal cause, or a bination of both. ? Initiation involves the attempts of an alienated character to get rid of his isolated condition. ? Problem of Guilt a character39。 warmth versus cold。 also in his use of the exotic, the gothic, and the antiquarian. ? Adultery ? Ability ? Angel A Features of his works ? setting ? themes ? Idea ? Feature ? technique Puritan New England Evil amp。 he started his career spoofing the Gothic. ? He said that he wrote, ―Tales of terror, not of Germany, but of the soul.‖ ? He transformed tales of terror into psychological stor