【正文】 資源整合。（ 3）從產(chǎn)品管理向 顧客管理的轉(zhuǎn)變。答：（ 1）訂單管理（ 2）生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃（ 3）查詢和統(tǒng)計(jì)（ 4）采購(gòu)管理（ 5）庫(kù)存管理（ 6）生產(chǎn)物流（ 7）銷售管理 J 簡(jiǎn)述供應(yīng)鏈的基本特征。（ 3）用戶定義的完整性約束規(guī)則 .這是指對(duì)關(guān)系模式中的各個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)據(jù)類型、長(zhǎng)度、取值范圍等的約束，由用戶通過(guò)關(guān)系 DBMS 提供的數(shù)據(jù)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一控制。非結(jié)構(gòu)化決策是指不能用常規(guī)的方法來(lái)處理、無(wú)任何規(guī)律可循的決策。（ 2）高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的參與。答：（ 1）根據(jù)組織的發(fā)展目標(biāo)與戰(zhàn)略，制定業(yè)務(wù)流程改革與創(chuàng)新的目標(biāo)和信息系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。 專業(yè)好文檔 4 J 簡(jiǎn)述數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì)的步驟。（ 4）邏輯設(shè)計(jì)階段。答：（ 1）數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)化。（ 5）統(tǒng)一的管理和控制。答：（ 1）信息技術(shù)應(yīng)用知識(shí)。（ 5）人際關(guān)系能力。 J 簡(jiǎn)述信息技術(shù)的六種主要任務(wù)。（ 2）信息是被認(rèn)識(shí)了的數(shù)據(jù)，是數(shù)據(jù)的含義。（ 2）了解數(shù)據(jù)（ 3）數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)備。（ 7）部署和應(yīng)用 四、論述題 1. 論述信息系統(tǒng)與組織的關(guān)系。 信息系統(tǒng)對(duì)組織的影響作用具體體現(xiàn)在：（ 1）信息系統(tǒng)對(duì)組織戰(zhàn)略的支持 企業(yè)利用信息系統(tǒng)來(lái)實(shí)施企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略和戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)。 答：原型法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)： （ 1）由于用戶更加積極地參 與系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)發(fā)，減少了開(kāi)發(fā)時(shí)間，大大提高了系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)效率。 原型法的缺點(diǎn)： （ 1）分析和設(shè)計(jì)上的深度不夠，從而可能造成在未能很好地理解用戶需求的情況下就著手程序代碼的編寫(xiě)。 3 論述管理信 息系統(tǒng)（ MIS）的定義和功能。（ 3）對(duì)企業(yè)的關(guān)鍵部門或關(guān)鍵生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)監(jiān)控，包括財(cái)務(wù)監(jiān)控、庫(kù)存監(jiān)控等。（ 7）預(yù)測(cè)企業(yè)未來(lái)，及時(shí)調(diào)整企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)方向。從功能劃分的角度來(lái)講，企業(yè)信息化戰(zhàn)略是一類獨(dú)立的戰(zhàn)略；從信息功能實(shí)現(xiàn)的角專業(yè)好文檔 5 度來(lái)看，企業(yè)信息化戰(zhàn)略又必須與企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略相融合。在任何 IT 技術(shù)得到充分應(yīng)用的領(lǐng)域，企業(yè)對(duì) IT 的應(yīng)用能力是決定其生存和發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素之一。其重點(diǎn)考慮的問(wèn)題包括：日常業(yè)務(wù)對(duì) IT 系統(tǒng)的依賴程度有多大？ IT 系統(tǒng)可能會(huì)發(fā)生什么故障？風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和成本有多大？對(duì)各種可能的故障的容忍程度如何？怎樣去評(píng)估它？ IT 系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)作情況如何？技術(shù)和資源能夠保證到什么程度？有 哪些途徑得到維護(hù)所需的技術(shù)、資源或直接得到維護(hù)服務(wù)？ 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代流行的外包是一種典型的 IT 維護(hù)戰(zhàn)略。 企業(yè)信息化戰(zhàn)略的主要內(nèi)容包括： （ 1）跟蹤學(xué)習(xí)戰(zhàn)略。應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)戰(zhàn)略必須明確： IT 現(xiàn)在能做什么？將來(lái)能做什么？需要什么條件和資源才能成功應(yīng)用 IT？ IT 對(duì)企業(yè)的生存環(huán)境有什么影響？其他競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手是怎么看待 IT 的？ IT 給他們帶來(lái)哪些優(yōu)勢(shì)？如果掌握了 IT，企業(yè)可以有什么樣的經(jīng)營(yíng)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略？傳統(tǒng)的、保守的應(yīng)用戰(zhàn)略是“自動(dòng)化” ，其主要目標(biāo)集中在“提高效率”這個(gè)內(nèi)部的、傳統(tǒng)的目標(biāo)上；而 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代出現(xiàn)的“再造工程”則更強(qiáng)調(diào)徹底地重新創(chuàng)造新的業(yè)務(wù)模式。 BSP（企業(yè) 系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃方法）的基本原則和目標(biāo)。（ 3）信息系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該向整個(gè)企業(yè)提供一致的信息。其具體目標(biāo)有：（ 1）確定信息系統(tǒng) 的優(yōu)先順序，不考慮管理部門局部的主觀利益。（ 5）用戶優(yōu)先的信息系統(tǒng)管理原則，改善企業(yè)與用戶間關(guān)系。 DSS 的功能如下：（ 1）提供決策所需要的 內(nèi)源數(shù)據(jù)。（ 5）提供各種數(shù)學(xué)方法、統(tǒng)計(jì)方法和運(yùn)專業(yè)好文檔 6 籌方法。 （ 9）支持分布式使用方式。 企業(yè)信息化戰(zhàn)略的主要內(nèi)容包括： （ 1）跟蹤學(xué)習(xí)戰(zhàn)略。應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)戰(zhàn)略必須明確： IT 現(xiàn)在能做什么？將來(lái)能做 什么？需要什么條件和資源才能成功應(yīng)用 IT？ IT 對(duì)企業(yè)的生存環(huán)境有什么影響？其他競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手是怎么看待 IT 的？ IT 給他們帶來(lái)哪些優(yōu)勢(shì)？如果掌握了 IT，企業(yè)可以有什么樣的經(jīng)營(yíng)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略？傳統(tǒng)的、保守的應(yīng)用戰(zhàn)略是“自動(dòng)化”，其主要目標(biāo)集中在“提高效率”這個(gè)內(nèi)部的、傳統(tǒng)的目標(biāo)上；而 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代出現(xiàn)的“再造工程”則更強(qiáng)調(diào)徹底地重新創(chuàng)造新的業(yè)務(wù)模式。 答：管理信息系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)由人和計(jì)算機(jī)等組成的，能進(jìn)行管理信息的收集、傳遞、儲(chǔ)存、加工、維護(hù)和使用的系統(tǒng)。（ 4）收集市場(chǎng)信息，跟蹤產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，深化顧客服務(wù)。（ 8）轉(zhuǎn)變企業(yè)傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)營(yíng)方式，實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)上增值服務(wù)，開(kāi)拓新的經(jīng)營(yíng)模式。 （ 2）信息系統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)略應(yīng)當(dāng)表達(dá)出企業(yè)的各個(gè) 管理層次的需求。 BSP 的主要目標(biāo)是提供一個(gè) IT 規(guī)劃，支持企業(yè)短期的信息需要和長(zhǎng)期的信息需要。 （ 4）提高信息系統(tǒng)實(shí)施效率，高層領(lǐng) 導(dǎo)必須參與。一方面，組織的目標(biāo)決定著信息系統(tǒng)的目標(biāo)，組織的變化以及企業(yè)外界環(huán)境的需求促進(jìn)信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展；另一方面，信息化有助于加強(qiáng)企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，推動(dòng)業(yè)務(wù)流程重組，促進(jìn)組織結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化，降低成本，擴(kuò)大企業(yè)的市場(chǎng)范圍，提高對(duì)顧客的服務(wù)水平。 （ 3）信息系統(tǒng)也能成為組織的累贅 應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到，信息系統(tǒng)是一把雙刃劍。 DSS 的功能如下：（ 1）提供決策所需要的內(nèi)源數(shù)據(jù)。（ 5）提供各種數(shù)學(xué)方法、統(tǒng)計(jì)方法和運(yùn)籌方法。（ 9）支持分布式使用方式。 （ 3）一系列對(duì)原型的修改和完善，大大增加了用戶對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)的滿意程度，進(jìn)而提高了信息系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量。 （ 3）通過(guò)原型法所開(kāi)發(fā)的系統(tǒng)不具備靈活性，不能適應(yīng)用戶需求的變化。 we need the courage to do it. His ments came hours after Fifa vicepresident Jeffrey Webb also in London for the FA39。s Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday. I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport. For me it39。s actions. CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toure39。t. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters). cause there 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。。?2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄 Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women39。s bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 4954 in ( m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft ( m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional 專業(yè)好文檔 10 playoffs, this inflated sphere mands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two halfbushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and outlined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Men39。 smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 1020 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismith39。 and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948。s game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably bee the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the women39。s professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Women39。 the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum。s Harlem Globetrotters, 專業(yè)好文檔 11 which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the public3