【正文】 感體驗(yàn)；③培養(yǎng)幽默感，養(yǎng)成積極的人生態(tài)度。 ⑴管理者在實(shí)施激勵(lì)時(shí)，應(yīng)注意區(qū)別保健因素和激勵(lì)因素，前者的滿足可以消除不滿，后者的滿足可以產(chǎn)生滿意。用這些內(nèi)在因素來(lái)調(diào)動(dòng)人的積極性，才能起更大的激勵(lì)作用并維持更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。由客觀環(huán)境因素所構(gòu)成的挫折主要有三個(gè)方面 :①自然環(huán)境因素是指因氣候變化及自然災(zāi)害所引起的困難。引起挫折的主觀因素主要包括：①個(gè)人目標(biāo)的適宜性。許多時(shí)候，由于個(gè)人的能力限制、生理缺陷或知識(shí)面窄等障礙，使人無(wú)法順利達(dá)到目標(biāo)，也會(huì)產(chǎn)生挫折。常使人遭受不必要的困難和挫折。但有許多時(shí)候，人們可能同時(shí)追求兩個(gè)以上的目標(biāo)，而又無(wú)法都達(dá)到，就必須有所取舍。馬斯洛的需要層次論是組織行為學(xué)中激勵(lì)理論的基石，他所提出的需要層次性的觀點(diǎn)反映了社會(huì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)，所提出的人類需要自低級(jí)到高級(jí)逐步滿足的次序也大體上符合人的本性，能夠幫助管理者管 理好組織。 公平理 論的主要內(nèi)容是什么 ？在管理中有哪些應(yīng)用？ 答：內(nèi)容：人們的工作動(dòng)機(jī)，不僅受其所得報(bào)酬的絕對(duì)值影響，而且要受到報(bào)酬的相對(duì)值的影響。要求公平是任何社會(huì)普遍存在的一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。人們?cè)谥饔^上感到公平合理時(shí)，心情就會(huì)舒暢，人的潛力就會(huì)充分發(fā)揮出來(lái)， 從而使組織充滿生機(jī)和活力。因此，管理者應(yīng)能以敏銳的目光察覺個(gè)人認(rèn)識(shí)上可能存在的偏差，適時(shí)做好引導(dǎo)工作，確保個(gè)人工作積極性的發(fā)揮。 第二，角色沖突因素。 第三，個(gè)人行為因素引發(fā)矛盾沖突 小蘇和大伙之間存在著個(gè)體的差異性，其價(jià)值觀和知覺方式也有所不同。要讓小蘇和大伙和平共處，平等相待，彼此之間相互尊重，相互 交流，同時(shí)應(yīng)該心胸寬廣，既堅(jiān)持原則，又要寬以待人。比如，給這個(gè)課題組提出更高水平、更有難度的項(xiàng)目，要完成這個(gè)項(xiàng)目，必須彼此消除敵意，共同 合作，通過(guò)各自的優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)和通力協(xié)作，既實(shí)現(xiàn)了目標(biāo)，又消除了矛盾。造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因是（公司沒有做到獎(jiǎng)人所需、形式多 變）。 由組織正式文件明文規(guī)定的、群體成員有固定的編制，有規(guī)定的權(quán)力和義務(wù)，有明確的職責(zé)和分工的群體屬于：（正式群體）。 任務(wù)角色多而維護(hù)角色少的群體屬于（無(wú)序群體）。 如果職工 A認(rèn)為和職工 B相比，自己報(bào)酬偏低，根據(jù)公平理論， A會(huì)采取以下哪種行為（減少自己的投入）。 群體典型的角色有（自我為中心者；任務(wù)角色；維護(hù)角色）。 1群體決策的方式有（缺少反應(yīng)；獨(dú)裁原則；少數(shù)原則 ；多數(shù)原則；完全一致原則；基本一致）。 四分圖理論 1945年，美國(guó)俄亥俄州立大學(xué)教授斯多基爾、沙特爾在調(diào)查研究基礎(chǔ)上把領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為歸納為 “ 抓組織 ” 和 “ 關(guān)心人 ” 兩大類。因此，他們認(rèn)為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為是兩類行為的具體結(jié)合，分為四種情況，用兩度空間的四分圖來(lái)表示。高組織高關(guān)心人的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，對(duì)工作對(duì)人都較為關(guān)心，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，這種領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式效果較好。 領(lǐng)導(dǎo) 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是指領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者 ,被領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和環(huán)境、三個(gè)要素相互作用的過(guò)程 . 四、簡(jiǎn)答題 影響群體內(nèi)聚力的因素是什么？ 答：群體規(guī)范是由群體成員們建立的行為準(zhǔn)則，或是指群體對(duì)其成員適當(dāng)行為的共同期望。 談判的策略是什么？ 答：談判策略是指談判人員為取得預(yù)期成果而采取的一些措施，它是各種談判方式的具體 運(yùn)用。團(tuán)隊(duì)是為滿足創(chuàng)造性、靈活性和高水平績(jī)效的新型組織的需求而設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)的。工作團(tuán)隊(duì)與群體也存在著差異。要進(jìn)行有效的信息溝通，必須遵循信息溝通的原則和滿足信息溝通的要求。③溝通要有誠(chéng)意，取得對(duì)方的信任并建立起感情。 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的三要素是什么？他們對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為分別有什么樣的作用？ 答：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的三要素是指領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者、被領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者（追隨者）和組織環(huán)境。當(dāng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和被領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的特性一定時(shí)，環(huán)境因素的變化對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)過(guò)程和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)效果的好壞就有很大的影響。具有民主方 式的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者以理服人、以身作則，他們使每個(gè)人作出自覺的有計(jì)劃的努力，各施其長(zhǎng)，各盡所能，分工合作。③可稱之為 “ 協(xié)商式 ” 的方式。 當(dāng)群體目標(biāo)和組織目標(biāo)一致時(shí)，凝聚力與生產(chǎn)率的關(guān)系就會(huì)出現(xiàn)（ 低凝聚力高生產(chǎn)率 ）。 大型組織擁有的成員一般在多少人左右？（ 1000～ 45000人）。 二、多選題 以任務(wù)和技術(shù)為中心的變革措施主要包括（工作再設(shè)計(jì)；目標(biāo)管理；建立社會(huì)技術(shù)系統(tǒng)）。 人際交往的原則是（互利原則；平等原則；信用原則；相容原則）。 斯托迪爾指出可以按（生理特性；智力和個(gè)性；與任務(wù)相關(guān)的特性；社會(huì)特性）分成不同的類。 1概括起來(lái)，我國(guó)優(yōu)秀的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的素質(zhì)應(yīng)當(dāng)包括（政治素質(zhì)；知識(shí)素質(zhì)； 能力素質(zhì)；身心素質(zhì)）。 1領(lǐng)導(dǎo)規(guī)范模式（領(lǐng)導(dǎo)參與理論）提出了選擇領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式的原則是（信息的原則；接受型原則；沖突的原則；合理的原則；目標(biāo)合適的原則）。 2組織變革大致涉及（組織的人員；組織的任務(wù)及技術(shù)；組織的結(jié)構(gòu)）。 四、簡(jiǎn)答題 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)決策和個(gè)體決策有什么不同？ 答：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)決策的心理障礙有： 從眾心理，如對(duì)上級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)惟命是從、總是被動(dòng)地模仿別人、屈從于公眾的輿論和多數(shù)人的意見等； 自我辯解心理； 褊狹與刻板。 如何進(jìn)行有效的溝通？ 答：有效的信息溝通必須包含三個(gè)要素、四個(gè)步驟，三個(gè)要素是指信息的發(fā)送者（信息源接受者、信息，四個(gè)步驟是指注意、了解、接受和行動(dòng)。②溝通的內(nèi)容要確切。⑥設(shè)計(jì)固定溝通渠道，形成溝通常規(guī)。③彈劾制。工作壓力是客觀存在的，但同樣的壓力在不同人的身上卻可以產(chǎn)生不同的后果。其實(shí)壓力感對(duì)于員工滿意度的影響并不直接，雖然低于中等水平的壓力感有助于員工提高績(jī)效，但他們?nèi)匀灰詾檫@神壓力感令人不快。 組織職能的轉(zhuǎn)變。⑶促進(jìn)與支持。第三，（ 1， 9）方式為俱樂(lè)部型的 管理。②批評(píng)教育的藝術(shù)。 對(duì)待同級(jí)的藝術(shù)：①積極配合而不越位擅權(quán)。⑤支持幫助而不攬功推過(guò)。s games measures in (7576 cm) in circumference, and a women39。s five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players。 England in 1894。s basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem AbdulJabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The women39。s basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a pergame basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the everchanging players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was anized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was anized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game。s World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Almonte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismith39。s Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association)。s development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to bee a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules mittee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward Ned Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the onehanded shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the East39。s rival, the National Basketball League, had existed since the 1930s, had better players, like Mikan of the Minneapolis Lakers, Bob Davies of the Rochester Royals, and Dolph Shayes of the Syracuse Nationals, but operated in much worse facilities and did not do much better at attracting audiences. In 1948, Podoloff lured the Lakers, Royals, and two other teams to the BAA and proposed a merger of the two leagues for the 1949–1950 season. The result was the National Basketball Association (NBA), with Pod