【正文】 de and mon mode ??9 . A. Differential mode conducted interference This mode is related to the noise that is imposed between different lines of a test circuit by a noise source. Related current path is shown in Fig. 1 ??9 . The interference source, path impedances, differential mode current and load impedance are also shown in Fig. 1. B. Common mode conducted interference Common mode noise or interference could appear and impose between the lines, cables or connections and mon ground. Any leakage current between load and mon ground could be modeled by interference voltage source. Fig. 2 demonstrates the mon mode interference source, mon mode currents Icm1 and Icm2 and the related current paths ??9 . The power electronics converters perform as noise source between lines of the supply work. In this study differential mode of conducted interference is particularly important and discussion will be continued considering this mode only. III. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY REGULATIONS Application of electrical equipment especially static power electronic converters in different equipment is increasing more and more. As mentioned before, power electronics converters are considered as an important source of electromagic interference and have corrupting effects on the electric works ??2 . High level of pollution resulting from various disturbances reduces the quality of power in electric works. On the other side some residential, mercial and especially medical consumers are so sensitive to power system disturbances including voltage and frequency variations. The best solution to reduce corruption and improve power quality is plying national or international EMC regulations. CISPR, IEC, FCC and VDE are among the most famous organizations from Europe, USA and Germany who are responsible for determining and publishing the most important EMC regulations. IEC and VDE requirement and limitations on conducted emission are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 ??7 ??9 . For different groups of consumers different classes of regulations could be plied. Class A for mon consumers and class B with more hard limitations for special consumers are separated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Frequency range of limitation is different for IEC and VDE that are 150 kHz up to 30 MHz and 10 kHz up to 30 MHz respectively. Compliance of regulations is evaluated by parison of measured or calculated conducted interference level in the mentioned frequency range with the stated requirements in regulations. In united European munity pliance of regulation is mandatory and products must have certified label to show covering of requirements ??8 . IV. ELECTROMAGNETIC CONDUCTED INTERFERENCE MEASUREMENT A. Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN) 1Providing a low impedance path to transfer power from source to power electronics converter and load. 2Providing a low impedance path from interference source, here power electronics converter, to measurement port. Variation of LISN impedance versus frequency with the mentioned topology is presented in Fig. 7. LISN has stabilized impedance in the range of conducted EMI measurement ??7 . Variation of level of signal at the output of LISN versus frequency is the spectrum of interference. The electromagic patibility of a system can be evaluated by parison of its interference spectrum with the standard limitations. The level of signal at the output of LISN in frequency range 10 kHz up to 30 MHz or 150 kHz up to 30 MHz is criterion of patibility and should be under the standard limitations. In practical situations, the LISN output is connected to a spectrum analyzer and interference measurement is carried out. But for modeling and simulation purposes, the LISN output spectrum is calculated using appropriate software. 基于壓降型 PWM 開關(guān)電源的建模、仿真和單片機(jī)簡介 摘要 ：介紹了一種使用休眠，復(fù)位的運(yùn)作方式，提高了單芯片電腦的抗干擾能力的方法，分析了其應(yīng)用范圍，提供和使用的具體電路，結(jié)合實(shí)例，根據(jù)這些分析的一種運(yùn)作方式的硬件和軟件設(shè)計(jì)的特點(diǎn)。②程序出現(xiàn)循環(huán)錯(cuò)誤很有時(shí)，只是看門狗控制環(huán)節(jié)，包括進(jìn)入，通過和防范作為這樣一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的狗無法分辨門 。解決了上述問題以及與此法，并已得到改善，農(nóng)業(yè)綜合保護(hù)電壓互感器的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。在沒有實(shí)際運(yùn)行，樣品中與 A / D轉(zhuǎn)換器的模擬量往往介紹，然后將其存儲(chǔ)顯示。工作時(shí)間在休眠比例 1:9，即 1 秒的時(shí)間有 s 的測(cè)量使用，送顯示，有休眠時(shí)間，該過程的概率是干涉是 1 / 10，而在運(yùn)行全速，全抗干擾能力提高 10 倍。 外部條件是復(fù)位 有些來接口是由外部控制。因此，只要連接起來，恢復(fù)到水車輪和 CPU 脈沖寶座，水車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)一圈，每次 CPU 是復(fù)位后，熱的形式。在某些情況下，這些休眠時(shí)間會(huì)很長，很有效的提高抗干擾能力。圖 1，為了使用定時(shí)電路， 555 電路構(gòu)成，可以使用 X1126，時(shí)鐘芯片等也醒來后設(shè)立預(yù)警時(shí)間報(bào)警信號(hào)處理器了。 外部條件，復(fù)位 發(fā)送脈沖和外部條件是復(fù)位后煥然一新，最后兒子。 降低循環(huán)，復(fù)位的高電平時(shí) 在圖 3，恢復(fù)了在 高級(jí)別章，單片機(jī)的寶座的信號(hào)在復(fù)位狀態(tài)時(shí)，程序不運(yùn)行，抗干擾能力最強(qiáng) 。至于簡單的顯示儀，復(fù)位周期確定數(shù)據(jù)打破循環(huán)，低電力是它的措施，顯示了在平時(shí)要大于希望所有的時(shí)間 。 輸出端引腳 （ 1）復(fù)位直脈沖 在所有的 I /單芯片打開計(jì)算機(jī) ?口進(jìn)入高級(jí)別時(shí)復(fù)位。 ②它是無效的設(shè)計(jì)到高一級(jí)的外圍電路。在下一個(gè)周期，這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤被糾正。在某些引腳連接一個(gè) 1 PF 電容在地上，衡量這一針后正在恢復(fù)的寶座，如果水平低有第一次電。為了王位經(jīng)?？梢粤愕囊粔K空地上，但電力或手冊(cè)時(shí)，按照積極推動(dòng)清零，是它體現(xiàn)了想要的工作時(shí)，該軟件是在開始比賽。 實(shí)現(xiàn)跨越，是復(fù)位交替的時(shí)間序列 定期向控制 工作恢復(fù)到現(xiàn)在的寶座，重新開始，并進(jìn)行同樣的程序反復(fù)每次途徑。因時(shí)間順序控制的應(yīng)用程序，②，恢復(fù)后的寶座每一次，應(yīng)該首 先檢查該標(biāo)志左側(cè)看到最后一個(gè)周期，以確定什么是完成這個(gè)周期。 4，寫一個(gè)軟件程序的一部分，如按照此圖運(yùn)動(dòng)。這是啟動(dòng)時(shí)間在 1 秒后發(fā)射功率，并沒有測(cè)量電流。在后首次電力，使所有零到內(nèi)清除內(nèi)存，是它讓時(shí)間 Ts為發(fā)射功率不嘗試后 25 =休眠。只是當(dāng) TS 遞減為 0，這表 明它是使等待不要失去電力的 Td = 1500。這是因?yàn)閱涡酒挠?jì)算機(jī)程序來運(yùn)行的特殊性是蒼蠅，它的后果可能會(huì)干擾系統(tǒng)中斷，可能會(huì)發(fā)出錯(cuò)誤或非法轉(zhuǎn)移的各種制度之前停止過，使整個(gè)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生死亡率的錯(cuò)誤。高速的開關(guān)造成設(shè)備的重量和體積的減少，但與此同時(shí)這也造成了一些不利的影響，比如無線頻率的干擾 [2]。許多以前的研究都有涉及到電力電子元件的低頻分析 [4~5]。線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)輸出的干擾頻譜被引為電磁兼容性的評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn) [7,~8]。干擾通過輻射的方式在干擾源周圍傳播或通過和常見的電纜或電線連接進(jìn)行傳導(dǎo)。電磁傳導(dǎo)干擾有差模和共模兩種干擾方法 [9]。 圖 1差模傳導(dǎo)干擾路徑 共模噪聲或干擾可能出現(xiàn)在電線或者電纜的連接點(diǎn)。在這項(xiàng)研究中不同的傳導(dǎo)干擾模式是非常重要的，所以討論只會(huì)在這種模式下被繼續(xù)考慮。另一方面，一些住宅，廣告，特別是醫(yī)療器件對(duì)電力系統(tǒng)的電壓及頻率變化的干擾非常敏感。 圖 2共模傳導(dǎo)干 擾路徑 圖 3 IEC管理排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 不同的消費(fèi)者群體可以遵守不同類別的規(guī)定。 圖 4 VDE管理排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 四、電磁傳導(dǎo) 干擾測(cè)試 A. 線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)（ LISN） 線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)是提供一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的工業(yè)元素被放置在供應(yīng)和電力電子轉(zhuǎn)換器之間， 包括加載一個(gè)接口以便可以對(duì)傳導(dǎo)干擾進(jìn)行測(cè)量 [7]，所述的情況如圖 5 所示 [6]。 圖 5 LISN網(wǎng)絡(luò)布局測(cè)量傳導(dǎo)干擾 B. 線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)? 線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)比較常見的 拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)如圖 6所示 [7]。一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的電磁兼容性可以通過比較它的干擾頻譜和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的限制來進(jìn)行評(píng)估。