【正文】
disease or death under carcinogen and noncarcinogen circumstances [5]. Assessment of the risk of pollution of groundwater includes: simulation for the fate and transport of contaminants in groundwater, assessment of leaching from waste products or polluted soil, analysis of toxicological effects on health and environment, and exposure assessment. Two methods for risk assessment were reme nded by USEPA (1992) [6]: excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) for cancerdriven pollutants, and hazard quotient (HQ) for noncancerdriven pollutants. Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) ELCR is estimated as the incremental probability of an individual developing cancer over a lifetime as a result of exposure to the potential carcinogen. It may be expressed as follows: ELCR = CDI SF (3) where CDI is chronic daily intake (mg/kgday), SF is the slope factor which is a maximum estimate of the probability of an individual developing cancer over a lifetime of exposure to a particular level of a potential carcinogen. In this study, CDI may be obtained from the equation (4), based on the concentration of contaminant w in groundwater [7]. CDI = CW IR EF ED/ (AT BW) (4) where CW is the concentration of contaminant w in groundwater (mg/L), IR is human ingestion rate (L/day), EF is exposure frequency (days/year), ED is average exposure duration (year), AT is average time (AT = 365 days/year ED), and BW is body weight (kg). In this study the values for these parameters for an adult may be: IR= 2 L/day, EF = 350 days/year, ED = 70 years (lifetime), AT =365 days/year 70 years, BW = 70 kg.. (2) Hazard Quotient (HQ) HQ is used to describe the potential for noncarcinogenic toxicity, and may be expressed as follows: 中國礦業(yè) 大學(xué) 12 屆 本科生 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 第 144 頁 HQ= CDI / RfD (5) where RfD is reference dose (mg / kg有效控制污染的關(guān)鍵是確定適當(dāng)?shù)难a(bǔ)救技術(shù)。 關(guān)鍵詞: 煤礦;地下水 。 AMD 往往是含有重金屬非常豐富的酸性水,它可以產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的地下水污染和嚴(yán)重影響水質(zhì)量。關(guān)于煤炭開采的管理和地下水整治行動(dòng)許多決策支持系統(tǒng)被提出了。AMD 會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響地下水水質(zhì),并導(dǎo)致金屬溶解在廢水中。 中國礦業(yè) 大學(xué) 12 屆 本科生 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 第 146 頁 有兩種方法治療 AMD 的方案:積 極治療和被動(dòng)治療。被動(dòng)方法包括缺氧水渠,石灰?guī)r渠道,堿性補(bǔ)給地下水,排水和轉(zhuǎn)移,通過人為的濕地或其他解決結(jié)構(gòu)。 GCDSS 圖形用戶界面 ↑↓ 功能模塊 煤礦 數(shù)值模擬 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估 整治技術(shù)選型 ↑↓ 知知庫 模擬庫 技術(shù) 規(guī)則庫 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 圖 1 GCDSS 結(jié)構(gòu) GCDSS 包括煤礦特性,數(shù)值模擬,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估和修復(fù)技術(shù)的選擇模塊。 礦山表征模塊 礦山表征在 GCDSS 中的數(shù)值模擬,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估,并選擇修復(fù)技術(shù)是至關(guān)重要的。地下開采是開采地下的煤。矸石往往是被放置在大型垃圾場。 和 是分別充滿了移動(dòng)和固定水的土壤成分; 和 分別是在移動(dòng)和固定水中污染物濃度單位 。美國環(huán)保局( 1992 )所建議的兩種進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的方法 [ 6 ] :導(dǎo)致癌癥污染物的超額終身癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)( ELCR )和導(dǎo)致無致癌物污染物危險(xiǎn)商數(shù)( HQ)。 CDI = CW IR EF ED/ (AT BW) (4) 如果CW是地下水(毫克 /升)污染物的濃度 , EF 是人類攝食率(升 /天) ,IR 是曝光頻率(天 /年) , ED 是 平均接觸時(shí)間(一年) , AFJ 是平均時(shí)間( AT= 365 天 /年 ED) ,以及 BW是體重(公斤) 。例如,價(jià)值 的 HQ 表明,獲得健康傷害概率是 5 % 。原地方法是在污染地下水的地方治理,而易地方法挖掘和運(yùn)輸這些污染物場外接受治理。 GCDSS 可以評(píng)估各種組合的補(bǔ)救技術(shù)和礦山酸性廢水的治理方法,并在某一特定采煤地點(diǎn)控制地下水污染確定最佳的策略。