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tly during the manufacture of chips. Clearly, this implies a rigorous approach to ROM code development since changes cannot be made after manufacture .This development process may involve emulation using a sophisticated development system with a hardware emulation capability as well as the use of powerful software tools. Some manufacturers provide additional ROM options by including in their range devices with (or intended for use with) user programmable memory. The simplest of these is usually device which can operate in a microprocessor mode by using some of the input/output lines as an address and data bus for accessing external memory. This type of device can behave functionally as the single chip microputer from which it is derived albeit with restricted I/O and a modified external circuit. The use of these ROM less devices is mon even in production circuits where the volume does not justify the development costs of custom onchip ROM。 O u t p u t U n i t Fig. A1 A Harvard type D a t a M e m o r y C P U I n p u t amp。 EPROM (Erasable programmable ROM ) sockets or devices with EPROM instead of ROM . These devices are naturally more expensive than equivalent ROM device, but do provide plete circuit equivalents. EPROM based devices are also extremely attractive for lowvolume applications where they provide the advantages of a singlechip device, in terms of onchip I/O, etc. with the convenience of flexible user programmability. Random access memory (RAM) RAM is for the storage of working variables and data used during program execution. The size of this memory varies with device type but it has the same characteristic width (4,8,16 bits etc.) as the processor ,Special function registers, such as stack pointer or timer register are often logically incorporated into the RAM area. It is also mon in Harvard type microputers to treat the RAM area as a collection of register。Automation .inc。ve gotten, says Ken Jannotta, manger, product planning, series One and Series Six product ,at GE Fanuc North America,39。s being automated doesn39。 but Frank Newburn, vice president of Omron39。s unlikely that an individual PLC would talk to broad MAP anyway, makers are concentrating on proprietary works. According to Sal Provanzano, users fear that if they do get on board and vendors withdraw from MAP, they39。 一些廠家用 哈弗結(jié)構(gòu), 這種特性在硬件中 分離了 程序內(nèi)存和數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)存,依據(jù)同樣的原理廣泛的適用于一般目的的電腦和微電腦 。 許多 微機(jī)和單片機(jī)用于大批量 的 應(yīng)用,因此,要 經(jīng)濟(jì) 的 制造設(shè)備 就 要在制造期間的 把 程序存儲(chǔ)器 中 的內(nèi)容永久性的刻錄在芯片中 。 這種類型的設(shè)備可以 表現(xiàn)為單芯片微型計(jì)算機(jī)盡管有限制的 I/O 和外部修改這些設(shè)備的電路 。 他們提供的單芯片器件對(duì)于容量要求 低 的 優(yōu)勢(shì) ,這些基于 EPROM 的 設(shè)備 也 非常有吸引力,在以下方面的板載 I/O 等, 方便 用戶靈活編程。 在 哈弗結(jié)構(gòu)的 微型電腦 通常 做 為 集中內(nèi)存 。 因而, CPU 非常普 遍的被用來 很好的 處理這種類型的數(shù)據(jù)。 大多數(shù)設(shè)立 的是 一個(gè)機(jī)制,至少 允許 靈活的 選擇讓 那 些引腳輸出, 那些 引腳輸。這個(gè)設(shè)施可能用作 一個(gè)產(chǎn)品系列 的延伸 ,因?yàn)檫B續(xù) 放大器對(duì)片上 存儲(chǔ)器可能 太大 ,這建立在現(xiàn)有的軟件基礎(chǔ)上 是不合適 的。這可以作為一個(gè)硬件設(shè)施或U(S)ART(通用執(zhí)行(同步)異步接收器 /發(fā)送器) 來減緩像 處理器(和應(yīng)用程序) 中 低 級(jí)別細(xì)節(jié) 費(fèi)時(shí) 。這可以由每個(gè)程序中的執(zhí)行時(shí)間分支認(rèn)真評(píng)估,但除最簡(jiǎn)單的程序外,他的工作效率不高。 更好的計(jì)時(shí)器有自動(dòng)加載初始值的功能。 定時(shí)元件 大多數(shù)微型計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)鐘電路只需要簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)時(shí)元件 。 編程語言 更高水平的 PLC 編程語言已經(jīng)推行有一段時(shí)間了,但最近的流行, 如雨后春筍般。而且有越來越多像 C 和 BASIC 語言的興趣。富瑞安的經(jīng)理認(rèn)為 PLC 將越來越多地使用食品等行業(yè),化工,石化 。第二種是你必須融入順序邏輯。我們聽說了很多規(guī)范在過去數(shù)年,許多公司都紛紛跟進(jìn)。 人們使其產(chǎn)品滿足 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但弗蘭克紐伯恩,副歐姆龍工業(yè)部總裁,報(bào)告說,由于缺乏公司的定義,歐姆龍的 PLC 還談不上規(guī)范。除了少數(shù)例外, I/O 是仍 然專有技術(shù)。 許多人說, I/O 是這樣一個(gè)高價(jià)值項(xiàng)目, PLC 制造商將永遠(yuǎn)希望保持它的專有性?!背鲇谶@個(gè)原因,他說,PLC 的制造商將不會(huì)開始銷售通用 I/O 和其他廠商的系統(tǒng)。 PLC 的 I / O 和個(gè)人電腦的連接 雖然不同的 PLC廠商可能會(huì)繼續(xù)用專有的 I/O,但一些廠商使 I/O 連接到 IBM PC 這樣的兼容設(shè)備成為可能 。