【正文】
D0~D11 送至數(shù)據(jù)處理電路。 12 圖 2 光電編碼器鑒相計數(shù)電路 當光電編碼器順時針旋轉(zhuǎn)時,通道 A 輸出波形超前通道 B輸出波形 90176。它廣泛應用于數(shù)控機床、回轉(zhuǎn)臺、伺服傳動、機器人、雷達、軍事目標測定等需要檢測角度的裝置和設備中。它的特點是: 可以直接讀出角度坐標的絕對值; 沒有累積誤差; 電源切除后位置信息不會丟失。目前國內(nèi)已有 16 位的絕對編碼器產(chǎn)品。其缺點是無法輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)動的絕對位置信息。根據(jù)其刻度方法及信號輸出形式,可分為增量式、絕對式以及混合式三種。由于光電碼盤與電動機同軸,電動機旋轉(zhuǎn)時,光柵盤與電動機同速旋轉(zhuǎn),經(jīng)發(fā)光二極管等電子元件組成的檢測裝置檢測輸出若干脈沖信號,其原理示意圖如圖 1 所示;通過計算每秒光電編碼器輸出脈沖的個數(shù)就能反映當前電動機的轉(zhuǎn)速。, 39。 with B in the pulse signal and only one third of the slit pervious word code generated by the pulse signal (it as the benchmark code salver position, to provide an initial counting system of zero signal). From A, B two output signal phase relationship (ahead or behind) can judge the direction of rotation. Graph 3 by (a), when the code dish is a word, pulse than B ground PI / 2, and reverse, a word than B lagging ways pulses PI / 2. Figure 3. (b) is A practical circuit, use A word of plastic wave along the steadystate produces single trigger word and b are pulse wave phase 39。, D flipflop output waveform W1) for Q (low level, Q (W2) for high level waveform, the output crosscoupled nand gates close, high level (waveform W3), Now, two crosscoupled nand gates open, counting under impulsive through (waveform W4), send to twoway 74LS193 counter reduced input pulses, CD. Subtraction. Steering wheel clockwise and counterclockwise, the maximum rotation Angle for two laps, choose resolution for 360 pulse/circle of the output pulse coder, its biggest for 900, Actual use three slices of counts circuit 74LS193 ponent in the system of initialization, the signal reset (CLR), the initial set for 800H, namely 2048 (LD)。1 The properties and application of photoelectric encoder The working principle, photoelectric encoder Photoelectric encoder, is a kind of photoelectric transformation through the machine will output shaft geometric displacement convert pulse or digital sensors. This is the most sensor, photoelectric encoder and grating is by photoelectric detection device. Grating is in certain parts of the diameter of the circular plate to open several rectangle hole. Caused by the code, motor and motor coaxial rotates grating and motor rotate speed, with the light emitting diode and other electronic ponents testing unit output pulse signal with several, its principle diagram is shown in figure 1, Through the calculation of the output pulse of photoelectric encoder per number can reflect the current motor speed. In addition, the direction of rotation, the code for the judge may also provide phase difference dish of 90 186。, D flipflop output waveform W1) for Q (high level, Q (W2) for lowlevel waveform crosscoupled nand gates, open, counting pulse waveform W3) by (bidirectional, send to the 74LS193 counter CU input pulses, add count, At this time, below, its output crosscoupled nand gates close for high level (waveform W4). When the photoelectric encoder counterclockwise, channel A output waveform of output waveform delay than channel B 90 176。s code of WaiDao and middle way has the same number of uniform distribution of not pervious to light and sector (raster), but is two sector mutual stagger half area. When the code salver, turning the output signal is A difference for 90 176。 39。光柵盤是在一定直徑的圓板上等分地開通若干個長方形孔。 根據(jù)檢測原理,編碼器可分為光學式、 磁式、感應式和電容式。它的優(yōu)點是原理構(gòu)造簡單,機械平均壽命可在幾萬小時以上,抗干擾能力強,可靠性高,適合于長距離傳輸。顯然,碼道越多,分辨率就越高,對于一個具有 N位二進制分辨率的編碼器,其碼盤必須有 N 條碼道。編碼的設計可采用二進制碼、循環(huán)碼、二進制補碼等。 光電編碼器是一種角度(角速度)檢測裝置,它將輸入給軸的角度量,利用光電轉(zhuǎn)換原理 轉(zhuǎn)換成相應的電脈沖或數(shù)字量,具有體積小,精度高,工作可靠 ,接口數(shù)字化等優(yōu)點。圖 2 給出了光電編碼器實際使用的鑒相與雙向計數(shù)電路,鑒相電路用 1個 D觸發(fā)器和 2個與非門組成,計數(shù)電路用 3片 74LS193 組成。 , D 觸發(fā)器輸出 Q(波形 W1)為低電平, Q(波形 W2)為高電平,上面與非門關(guān)閉,其輸出為高電平 (波形 W3);此時,下面與非門打開,計數(shù)脈沖通過 (波形W4),送至雙向計數(shù)器 74LS193 的減脈沖輸入端 CD,進行減法計數(shù)。重力測量儀中補償旋鈕的角位移量轉(zhuǎn)化為某種 電信號量;旋轉(zhuǎn)式光電編碼器分兩種,絕對編碼器和增量編碼器。當碼盤轉(zhuǎn)動時,它的輸出信號是相位差為 90176。圖 3( b)是一實際電路,用 A 道整形波的下沿觸發(fā)單穩(wěn)態(tài) 產(chǎn)生的正脈沖與 B 道整形波相 ‘ 與 ’ ,當碼盤正轉(zhuǎn)時只有正向口脈沖輸出,反之,只有逆向口脈沖輸出。例如,碼盤發(fā)生抖動或手動對準位置時(下面可以看到,在重力儀測量時就會有這種情況)。當某道由于振動在 ‘ 高 ’ 、 ‘ 低 ’ 間往復變化 時,將交替產(chǎn)生 ‘ 正向 ’ 和 ‘ 反向 ’ 脈沖,這在對兩個計數(shù)器取代數(shù)和時就可消除它們的影 響(下面儀器的讀數(shù)也將涉及這點)。 。經(jīng)測定;過鋼時光電編碼器振動速度為 ,這樣的振動速度會損壞光電編碼器的內(nèi)部功能。例如在連鑄機送引錠跟蹤系統(tǒng),由于光電檢測裝置安裝的位置靠近鑄坯,環(huán)境溫度高而導致光電檢測裝置誤發(fā)出信號或損壞,而引發(fā)生產(chǎn)或人身事故。光電編碼器不在安裝在電動機外殼上,而是在電動機的基礎上制作一固定支架來獨立安裝光電編碼器,光電編碼器軸與電動機軸中心必須處于同一水平高度,兩軸采用軟橡膠或尼龍軟管相連接,以減輕電動機沖擊負載對光電編碼器的機械沖擊。雙絞屏蔽電纜的另一個技術(shù)特點是互絞后兩線間距很小,兩線對干擾線路的距離基本相等,兩線對屏蔽網(wǎng)的分布電容也基本相同,這對抑制共模干擾效果更加明顯。 17 圖 5 送引錠過程和光電信號關(guān)系 ① 送引錠 過程啟動前,光電信號 1為 “1” 。 ④ 送引錠過程在 C 階段,引錠桿上送,并不再擋住紅外光,光電信號 4 為 “1” ,啟動 “ 同步 2” ,停下 “ 同步 1” ,引錠桿繼續(xù)上送。 圖 6 程序框圖 18 結(jié)束語 光電檢測裝置本身是由電子元器件構(gòu)成,它對安裝環(huán)境有一定的技術(shù)要求,特別是在較惡劣環(huán)境下使用,要采取相應的保護措施,以使光電檢測裝置工作在其產(chǎn)品要求的技術(shù)條件下,才能發(fā)揮裝置的技術(shù)性能。