【正文】 to which the candidates were associated with America, as in an unconscious association with the American flag. And in one of their studies they pared Obama and McCain, and they found McCain is thought of as more American than Obama, and to some extent, people arenamp。s not American at all. But they were responding, of course, to the color of his skin.
　　刻板印象是會歪曲現(xiàn)實的。在其中一個研究中， 他們比較了奧巴馬和麥凱恩，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)麥凱恩比奧巴馬更加”。研究人員也比對了奧巴馬和英國首相布萊爾，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)比起奧巴馬人們認為布萊爾更加”。
　　These stereotypes and biases have realworld consequences, both subtle and very important. In one recent study, researchers put ads on eBay for the sale of baseball cards. Some of them were held by white hands, others by black hands. They were the same baseball cards. The ones held by black hands got substantially smaller bids than the ones held by white hands. In research done at Stanford, psychologists explored the case of people sentenced for the murder of a white person. It turns out, holding everything else constant, you are considerably more likely to be executed if you look like the man on the right than the man on the left, and this is in large part because the man on the right looks more prototypically black, more prototypically AfricanAmerican, and this apparently influences peopleamp。有些賣家是白人， 另一些則是黑人。結(jié)果表明，除去其他因素，比起圖片左邊的人(白人)圖片右邊的人(黑人)更可能被判死刑，這很大程度歸結(jié)于圖片右邊的人是黑人， 美國黑人，很明顯這影響到了人們對他所做出的決定。39。quot。quot。quot。quot。39。[海瑟有兩個媽媽]如果你比較傳統(tǒng) 對此持有不同的態(tài)度，你會給他們看這本書(笑聲)[“。一個人死亡是悲劇，一百萬人的死亡則是統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，”。假如我看到一個人，我會。比方說，在一個研究中，研究人員交給人們一張清單， 上面列舉了一些危急的例子，看人們愿意為了化解危機捐贈多少，另一個組則未被告知這些事情但研究人員告訴他們個體故事，包括名字，相片， 結(jié)果是，他們比上一組捐贈更多善款。很有可能的是，通過展現(xiàn)我們對于個體的同情，他們可以進而展示個體從屬的群體。39。quot。quot。39。39。故事，可能是假的，林肯總統(tǒng)邀請她在美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間到白宮對她說，”。湯姆叔叔的小屋。不是偉大的哲學或宗教故事甚至可能都不是文學，但它起了很大的作用在人們能夠?qū)⒆约褐蒙碛谀硞€故事那些本不可能屬于他們的故事中， 以奴隸的角度來看世界。s some reason to believe that shows like amp。 radically changed American attitudes towards AfricanAmericans, while shows like amp。 and amp。 changed American attitudes towards gay men and women. I donamp。s an exaggeration to say that the major catalyst in America for moral change has been a situation edy.
　　近年來，看看美國在過去幾十年的表現(xiàn)，太多的原因讓我們相信像是”?！?。
　　But itamp。The Better Angels of Our Nature,amp。t love either one of them, not really, but I donamp。t grounded in love. What theyamp。m going to modify it a little bit for modern times.
　　但這并不全是情感上的，最后我想要談到理性的力量。平克說道，舊約說到要愛我們的鄰居， 新約說到要愛我們的敵人，但我不愛他們中的任何一個，不盡然，但我不想殺了他們。
　　So Adam Smith starts by asking you to imagine the death of thousands of people, and imagine that the thousands of people are in a country you are not familiar with. It could be China or India or a country in Africa. And Smith says, how would you respond? And you would say, well thatamp。d go on to the rest of your life. If you were to open up The New York Times online or something, and discover this, and in fact this happens to us all the time, we go about our lives. But imagine instead, Smith says, you were to learn that tomorrow you were to have your little finger chopped off. Smith says, that would matter a lot. You would not sleep that night wondering about that. So this raises the question: Would you sacrifice thousands of lives to save your little finger? Now answer this in the privacy of your own head, but Smith says, absolutely not, what a horrid thought. And so this raises the question, and so, as Smith puts it, amp。 And Smithamp。It is reason, principle, conscience. [This] calls to us, with a voice capable of astonishing the most presumptuous of our passions, that we are but one of the multitude, in no respect better than any other in it.amp。斯密說到，你會怎樣回應? 你可能會說，這太糟了，然后繼續(xù)你的生活。你整晚會睡不著覺輾轉(zhuǎn)反側(cè)。斯密回答道，”?！薄?9。39。quot。39。39。quot。片尾的表現(xiàn)。
　　Our reason could cause us to override our passions. Our reason could motivate us to extend our empathy, could motivate us to write a book like amp。s Cabin,amp。Uncle Tomamp。 and our reason can motivate us to create customs and taboos and laws that will constrain us from acting upon our impulses when, as rational beings, we feel we should be constrained. This is what a constitution is. A constitution is something which was set up in the past that applies now in the present, and what it says is, no matter how much we might to reelect a popular president for a third term, no matter how much white Americans might choose to feel that they want to reinstate the institution of slavery, we canamp。湯姆叔叔的小屋”。這是憲法。quot。quot。quot。39?！薄榱藢惯@些，我們不僅更加努力，我們建立機構(gòu) 這些信息資源不會有成見，這就是為什么很多交響樂團面試音樂家時，讓他們站在幕后，這樣評委唯一的信息來源就是他們認為最重要的。s in this way that reason helps us create a better you.
　　我們有膽識，本能，情感，這會影響我們對于好與壞的判斷和行為，但我們同樣有能力做出理性思考和智能規(guī)劃， 我們可以運用這些，在某些情況下，加速和豐富我們的情緒，某些情況下止住它