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【正文】 table means, while safeguarding health and minimizing the consumption of natural resources and the emission of pollutants(Kennedy, Miller, Shalaby, Maclean, and Coleman, 2005).Frequently, this has been feasible with wide use of public transportation in general, and rapid rail transportation in example, there are cities such as Tokyo and Hong Kong that invested in public transport to provide extensive, highquality, public transport systems before private vehicle ownership was high(Barter, Kenworthy, and Laube, 2003).In these cities, bus travel was at a high level until rapid mass transit was built and became , personal vehicles are an integral part of modern city life, providing a number of benefits to individuals and society no matter how they are used—as single occupancy vehicles or as shared or shuttle , as pointed out by Kennedy et al.(2005), planning for a new generation of sustainable personal vehicles is critical for the sustainable development of technical innovation and the application of concepts of industrial ecology, there are several possible candidates for the sustainable personal vehicles of the future(Kennedy et al., 2005).In addition, it is likely that many applications of intelligent transportation systems will substantially affect future urban applications include, for example, demand management(demandresponsive public transportation, car pooling and sharing, access control, roaduse charging), trip planning systems/realtime traveler information, and signal priorities for public study current and future personal transportation in megacities, 15 metropolitan areas worldwide were selected metropolitan areas were classified by region as follows: North America: Chicago, New York Europe: London, Moscow, Paris Central and South America: Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo India: Bangalore, Calcutta, Delhi, Mumbai China: Hong Kong, Shanghai For each metropolitan area, a set of key indicators affecting future transportation was includes population and health, Private motorized passenger vehicles, Public transportation modes operated, Modal split, Travel speed by mode, Road population and wealth, Size of the population and wealth of the population play vital , Figure 1 and Table 1 present the expected growth in population of the examined megacities, and Table 2 presents the expected growth in wealth per capita for the countries in which the megacities are results indicate that the highest proportional increases from 2005 to 2025(more than0%)is predicted for Bangalore, Calcutta, Delhi, Mumbai, and Shanghai, followed by modest increases(1218%)for Chicago, Hong Kong, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, and S227。相反,我們預(yù)計(jì)在印度、中國、巴西的大城市中,個(gè)人交通工具的作用將會(huì)不斷上升。最后,對(duì)選定城市的未來運(yùn)輸方式進(jìn)行了討論。這個(gè)計(jì)劃策略包括改善交通網(wǎng)絡(luò),通過更好的道路管理和擁擠定價(jià)來減少交通堵塞。例如:在國家、地區(qū)和地方上,城市交通規(guī)劃會(huì)涉及很多政府的結(jié)構(gòu),并且每個(gè)層次都有它自己的策略??傮w上說,人口增長(zhǎng)最快的現(xiàn)象將出現(xiàn)在印度和中國。為了研究大城市中個(gè)人交通運(yùn)輸目前及將來的狀況,本文選取了世界15大都市,根據(jù)地理位置劃分可如下所示:北美洲:芝加哥、紐約 歐洲:倫敦、莫斯科、巴黎 中美洲、南美洲:布宜諾斯艾利斯(阿根廷首都)、墨西哥城、里約熱內(nèi)盧、圣保羅 印度:班加羅爾、加爾各答、新德里、孟買 中國:香港、上海對(duì)于各個(gè)大城市來說,一系列影響未來交通的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)是已檢定的。因此,Kennedy et al.(2005)指出,對(duì)于城市的可持續(xù)發(fā)展來說,為新一代可持續(xù)個(gè)人交通工具做規(guī)劃是至關(guān)重要的。例如:像東京,香港這樣的大城市,它們?cè)谒饺塑嚵餍星熬屯顿Y建設(shè)公共交通,以提供廣泛的,優(yōu)質(zhì)的公共交通系統(tǒng)。隨著城市的擴(kuò)大和富裕,車輛所有制以及其使用會(huì)快速增加,相反,這將影響車輛的行速,加大道路擁擠和空氣污染。Schafer and Victor(2000)還預(yù)估,到2050年印度的平均機(jī)動(dòng)性將增加到每年6000千米,達(dá)到了歐洲1970年早期的水平。所以,富有的人開始傾向于跑的更快,跑的更遠(yuǎn)。共 7 頁 第 5 頁┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)報(bào)告紙參考文獻(xiàn)Armonies, W., Reise, K., the population development of the introduced razor clam Ensis americanus near the island of Sylt(North Sea).HelgolanderMeeresuntersuchungen 52, 291–, A., Elliott, M., use of environmental integrative indicators to assessseabed disturbance in estuaries and coasts: application to the Humber Estuary, Pollution Bulletin 53, 175–, ., Frid, ., succession following thecessation of sewage sludge of Sea Research 62, 258–, ., Boyd, ., Coggan, ., Limpenny, ., Meadows, ., Rees,., , camera and acoustics: assessing macrobenthic munitiesat a dredged material disposal site off the North East coast of the ofMarine Systems 62, 204–, ., Boyd, ., Vanstaen, K., Coggan, ., Limpenny, ., an aggregate extraction site off the Eastern English Channel: a methodology in support of monitoring and Coastal and Shelf Science 87, 420–, S., Degraer, S., Reiss, H., Borja, A., Braeckman, U., Craeymeersch, J., De Mesel, I., Kerckhof, F., Kr246。因此,為確保跨區(qū)域的類似評(píng)估策略,必須采取措施,允許采用相同的原則環(huán)境狀況的區(qū)域范圍的評(píng)估,即使為了使用不同的評(píng)估工具必須給予津貼也是值得的。因此,專家必須參與各級(jí)行政部門(區(qū)域歐盟)生態(tài)或環(huán)境評(píng)估的各個(gè)階段,以確保成果的質(zhì)量和一致性。該MSFD定義了與WFD相似的目標(biāo),部分是為了避免需要開發(fā)新方法,但有些原則是完全不同的,比如在這方面貢獻(xiàn)的確定。因此,科學(xué)家不僅需要監(jiān)測(cè)環(huán)境的狀態(tài),而且要預(yù)測(cè)未來的變化,并設(shè)法減輕或管理它們。每個(gè)級(jí)別應(yīng)該與潛在的新的外來物種39。因此,預(yù)防進(jìn)一步的入侵是指令內(nèi)至關(guān)重要的,由于常高的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失與入侵(皮門特爾等人,2000)和對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵作用有影響。在抽樣策略的不同(如固定或隨機(jī)的)有其統(tǒng)計(jì)力量和所獲得的數(shù)據(jù)的多樣性的后果(凡德爾米爾,1997)。范指標(biāo)相互校準(zhǔn)會(huì)在MSFD中被禁止,但仍然會(huì)有調(diào)查指標(biāo)的敏感性的需要,以協(xié)調(diào)GEnS級(jí)別的任何指標(biāo)和規(guī)范的基礎(chǔ),用國家經(jīng)驗(yàn)來監(jiān)視海上的每個(gè)區(qū)域。與此相反,以避免這樣的昂貴(雖然有利)相互校準(zhǔn),MSFD需要共同實(shí)施11描述的,在區(qū)域海平面翻譯成目標(biāo)和指標(biāo),(Rice等人,2010)。事實(shí)上,規(guī)模大和歐盟水框架指令的雄心勃勃促進(jìn)了水系統(tǒng)保護(hù)目標(biāo)的有效實(shí)施,并且極大地?cái)U(kuò)展了我們的指標(biāo)應(yīng)用知識(shí)。和39。對(duì)于海洋環(huán)境,目前存在著各種各樣的底棲指標(biāo)(迪亞茲等人,2004。盡管管理者希望有一個(gè)關(guān)于GES和GEnS的單一的最終得分,最好是報(bào)告給政府和公眾,在指標(biāo)和描述水平的評(píng)價(jià)都有很好的能見度,因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谛判暮兔舾蟹矫娴牟煌?。用平均方法與不同指標(biāo)的權(quán)重也是不理想的,因?yàn)樵诘蜏鼗蚋邷貭顟B(tài)的主觀的和平均的指標(biāo)。共 7 頁 第 2 頁┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)報(bào)告紙此外,一套合適的指標(biāo)的選擇是一件事,所有的指標(biāo)納入一個(gè)單一的得分指示和水生系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)和性能是另一個(gè)(奧布里和Elliott,2006。為了管理人類壓力對(duì)海洋環(huán)境的影響,最近世界各地認(rèn)為,法律文書解決需要評(píng)估一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)(博爾哈和多爾,2008)。第三,我們討論關(guān)于監(jiān)測(cè)方案(精力和質(zhì)量),它必須提供足夠的信息,讓GES及GENS獲得有信心的評(píng)估。因此,本文的重點(diǎn)是兩指令的基本原則如何被翻譯成可執(zhí)行的方法,關(guān)于成為歐盟水框架指令的一部分的方法以及這些方法對(duì)MSFD實(shí)施的意義。共 7 頁 第 1 頁┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)報(bào)告紙這兩個(gè)指令的概念相似,并借鑒了歐盟水框架指令實(shí)施過程中的教訓(xùn),這將對(duì)MSFD產(chǎn)生幫助。從歐盟水
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