【正文】 加，或忽大忽小，嘶嘶的噴出聲，頂?shù)装鍋韷旱霓Z鳴聲，煤層變濕、變軟等。由于噴出瓦斯在時(shí)間上的突然性和空間上的集中性，可能導(dǎo)致噴出地點(diǎn)人員的窒息、高濃度瓦斯在流動(dòng)過程中遇到高溫?zé)嵩从锌赡馨l(fā)生爆炸、有事強(qiáng)大的噴出還可以產(chǎn)生動(dòng)力效應(yīng)并導(dǎo)致破壞作用。所以石門揭開突出危險(xiǎn)煤層，以及有突出傾向的建設(shè)礦井或突出礦井開拓新水平時(shí)，井巷揭開所有這類煤層都必須采取防止突出的措施，并制定專門設(shè)計(jì)。保護(hù)層開采后，由于采空區(qū)的頂?shù)装鍘r石冒落，移動(dòng)，引起的開采煤層周圍應(yīng)力的重新分布，采空區(qū)上、下形成應(yīng)力降低區(qū)，在這個(gè)區(qū)域內(nèi)的開采煤層地壓減少，彈性潛能緩慢釋放；煤層膨脹變形，形成裂隙與孔道，透氣性增加；煤層瓦斯涌出后，煤的強(qiáng)度增加。 防突措施分為區(qū)域性防突措施和局部防突措施。突出的外部特征是：（1）突出的煤、巖在高壓氣流搬運(yùn)過程中，呈現(xiàn)分選性堆積，即近處塊度大，遠(yuǎn)處粒度小，堆積坡度小于煤的自然安息角；（2）突出過程中煤巖進(jìn)一步粉碎，產(chǎn)生極細(xì)的粉塵，有時(shí)突出的堆積物好似風(fēng)力填充一樣密實(shí)；（3）突出空洞口小肚大，其軸線往往沿著煤層傾斜向上延伸，或與傾向線成不大的夾角；（4）突出的相對(duì)瓦斯涌出量可以大于煤層的瓦斯含量。礦井隔爆抑爆裝置是控制瓦斯爆炸的最后一道屏障，當(dāng)瓦斯爆炸發(fā)生后，依靠預(yù)先設(shè)置的裝置可以阻止爆炸的傳播，限制火焰的傳播范圍，主要有被動(dòng)式隔爆棚和自動(dòng)抑爆裝置。監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的安裝極大地提高了煤礦的安全管理自動(dòng)化水平，防止了許多事故的發(fā)生。（5）煤礦瓦斯治理也應(yīng)該與煤層氣產(chǎn)業(yè)化緊密結(jié)合起來。（3）瓦斯抽放方法有本煤層抽放、鄰近層抽放和采空區(qū)抽放等；抽放工藝有順層長(zhǎng)鉆孔、大直徑鉆孔、地面鉆孔、頂板巖石和巷道鉆孔等。預(yù)防爆炸主要有：優(yōu)化通風(fēng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)及通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)，防治瓦斯積聚，進(jìn)行瓦斯抽放，加強(qiáng)瓦斯?jié)舛群突鹪幢O(jiān)測(cè)，防止點(diǎn)火源的出現(xiàn)等；抑制爆炸主要采用隔爆抑爆裝置將瓦斯爆炸限制在一定范圍內(nèi)，從而減少人員傷亡和災(zāi)害事故所造成的損失。（4）裝備不足、管理不落實(shí)礦井安全裝備配置不足，“先抽后采，監(jiān)測(cè)監(jiān)控，以風(fēng)定產(chǎn)”方針未得到完全落實(shí)[6]。（1）煤礦開采條件差我國煤礦井下開采條件普遍較差。在論文的寫作過程中，由于受作者的自身能力以及其他因素的限制，文中必定存在一些紕漏和不足之處，敬請(qǐng)老師嚴(yán)加指正。（1）找出煤礦五大災(zāi)害事故的發(fā)生規(guī)律、發(fā)生原因，有針對(duì)性的提出預(yù)防對(duì)策。目前我國煤礦事故總量居高不下，重特大災(zāi)害事故頻頻發(fā)生。礦井采掘作業(yè)由于各種天然和人為的不安全因素多，加上科技水平和技術(shù)裝備條件限制，難以預(yù)見和控制的不安全因素多，因此，礦山的安全生產(chǎn)工作較其他工業(yè)部門就更為艱巨和復(fù)雜，并且隨著采礦工業(yè)向深度和廣度的開展，安全工作的技術(shù)難度也將越來越大。我國的礦山安全生產(chǎn)出現(xiàn)如此嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)狀的原因主要有以下兩個(gè)方面: 礦山是采礦工業(yè)的主體，是直接從事有益礦物開采的工作地，是采掘工業(yè)企業(yè)。雖然我國政府相繼采取了一系列措施，如加強(qiáng)了煤礦安全生產(chǎn)的科技攻關(guān)力度，提高了煤礦機(jī)械化開采水平，制定了相關(guān)的法律、法規(guī)、規(guī)章及其他規(guī)范性文件，規(guī)定了大量的煤礦生產(chǎn)安全管理制度和措施，建立健全了煤礦安全生產(chǎn)監(jiān)督管理機(jī)構(gòu)，以及加大對(duì)煤礦企業(yè)安全生產(chǎn)的監(jiān)督管理力度等等，然而成效并不明顯，煤礦事故并未得到有效的控制，煤礦事故依然不斷發(fā)生。而又由于煤礦工作環(huán)境差，難以吸引文化、素質(zhì)較高的工人，而不得不招大量農(nóng)輪工、農(nóng)協(xié)工和臨時(shí)工，給改善安全環(huán)境帶來更大的困難，從而導(dǎo)致安全工作的惡性循環(huán)。我國在能源生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)中，煤炭能源約占70%以上，因此，煤炭作為主要能源的地位將會(huì)在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的歷史時(shí)期中不會(huì)改變。關(guān)鍵詞：煤礦事故, 原因, 預(yù)防對(duì)策，安全監(jiān)管 IAbstractColliery accident frequently ing up is a vital difficult problem with which our work of safety in colliery production is explore the cause of colliery accident happening and analyze its reason, we propose some prevention countermeasures in order to instruct our safety work in colliery production and prevent the colliery accident is helpful to improve the condition of our safety in colliery production and guarantee most of miners’ personal is a plex system engineering for the causes of colliery accident and its prevention contains engineering technology and correlative with policy and to its profession characteristics, this thesis concentrates on the engineering the same time we must consider correlative policy and is posed of three one part, we find the law and reasons about five kinds of disastrous accident we propose prevention countermeasure against all kinds of dangerous two parts, we research into our country laws and regulations and some problems existing in the supervisory organization of colliery safety restraining colliery accident, and then we can provide good three parts, on the base of summarizing colliery disaster and its prevention technology, we further analyze the deep reason of colliery disaster then we propose ensuring action and policy suggestion of colliery disaster words: Coal Mine Accident, Cause, Preventive Measures, Safety supervision II目錄摘要..............................................................................................................................................I ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................II 1緒論..............................................................................................................................................1 ..............................................................................................................1 研究問題的提出.................................................................................................2 ..............................................................................3 2煤礦瓦斯事故原因分析與防治對(duì)策...................................................................................4 ..............................................................................................4 ..........................................................................5 （巖）與瓦斯突出及其預(yù)防..........................................................................6 ..............................................................................................8 ......................................................................................................................9 3煤塵爆炸原因分析與防范措施..........................................................................................10 ....................................................................................................10 ................................................................................................10 ................................................................................................10 ............................................................................................11 ................................................................................................11 ....................................................................................................................12 4煤礦火災(zāi)發(fā)生的原因和防治技術(shù).....................................................................................13 ................................................................................13 ............................................................................................13 ....................................................................................................................14 5煤礦水災(zāi)事故原因分析及防治對(duì)策.................................................................................15 ........................................................................15 ............................................................................................15 ............................................................................................15 ............................................................................................16 6煤礦頂板事故的原因和防治..............................................................................................18 ......................................